Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Today, the fossil fuels have dominant share of energy supply in order to respond to the high energy demand in the world. Norway is one of the countries with rich sources of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. The current work is to investigate on the status of energy demand in Norway. First, energy and electricity consumption in various sectors, including industrial, residential are calculated. Then, energy demand in Norway is forecasted by using available tools. After that, the relationship between energy consumption in Norway with Basic economics parameters such as GDP, population and industry growth rate has determined by using linear regression model. Finally, the regression result shows a low correlation between variables.

Innovation management in the primary health care centers is one of the important debates among the governments and academic forums. Although the number of studies in the field of innovation in health care sectors has increased over the last 10 years, little is known about the conditions for the successful implementation of innovations in the health care centers. In this paper, we review and assess the situation of Finnish health care centers from innovation management viewpoint. We try to answer one of the important questions designed by policy makers: "How can Finnish health care centers move toward systems that continuously improve their innovation and creativity?" The presented framework describes the main characters and dimensions of diffusion of ideation and innovation in the health care centers. ; Inovacijski management v centrih za primarno zdravstveno oskrbo je ena od poglavitnih tem diskusije tako v državnih ustanovah kot med raziskovalci. Čeprav je v zadnjih letih naraslo število raziskav na temo inoviranja, malo vemo o pogojih za uspešno uvedbo inovacij v zdravstvenih centrih za primarno oskrbo. V članku je podan pregled situacije na Finskem z vidika inovacijskega managementa. Poskušamo odgovoriti na vprašanje: kako se lahko centri za zdravstveno oskrbo na Finskem razvijejo v sisteme, ki stalno dvigajo svojo kvaliteto in inovativnost? Predstavljeno ogrodje opisuje glavne značilnosti in razsežnosti prodiranja mišljenja in inovacij v centre za zdravstveno oskrbo.

Innovation management in the primary health care centers is one of the important debates among the governments and academic forums. Although the number of studies in the field of innovation in health care sectors has increased over the last 10 years, little is known about the conditions for the successful implementation of innovations in the health care centers. In this paper, we review and assess the situation of Finnish health care centers from innovation management viewpoint. We try to answer one of the important questions designed by policy makers: "How can Finnish health care centers move toward systems that continuously improve their innovation and creativity?" The presented framework describes the main characters and dimensions of diffusion of ideation and innovation in the health care centers.

Trends such as aging populations, excess costs, rising public expectations, and progress in medical science and technologies point out necessity of adoption and development of innovation in the healthcare systems particularly in developed countries. The main objective of this article is to review diffusion of innovation improvement in the healthcare sector. Different types of innovation, diffusion characters, and adoption mechanisms are the subjects that are discussed as the key items in a selected case study, Finland.

The literature of organizational structure design is relatively rich along with conceptual and complex patterns. This complexity arising from the number of elements and numerous relations in addition to the nature of variables. Thereby, the lack of operational decision-making models is felt to propose adequate structural designs in practice. In this article, the researchers employ a fuzzy multi attribute decision making model (FMADM) to select the most suitable organizational structure based on expert's judgments and by deploying contextual dimensions of the organization. Since the organizational changes especially in the structural levels are along with resistances among involved staffs, the implementation of this model is a supportive tool in addition to help the managers to make a qualified decision and change.

Environmental concerns related to fossil fuels utilization has developed different energy/environmental policy tools that Carbon tax is one of the important ones. There are huge debates among different political parties related to the positive and negative effects of the carbon tax on the energy and environmental policies of the countries. However, carbon tax not only can have effects on the utilization and consumption of energy sources portfolios, but it may also have negative or positive effects on the economy, industry, and social welfare of the countries that should be identified and analyzed, in particular for countries with high energy-intensive industries such as Finland. The purpose of this research is to answer the question: "How does Carbon Tax affect social welfare and emission reduction in Finland?" We use the computable general equilibrium model to analyze the impact of the carbon tax on social welfare and the rate of emission reduction. Considering the fact that Finland has several years of carbon tax policy application background, evaluation of the impact of this policy on Finland's social-environmental structure is very valuable for other countries, especially newcomers. Our results show that despite carbon tax policy in Finland has been successful in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, however, it has negative effects on the social welfare of Finns. Therefore, an optimum level of the carbon price is recommended for future policy revision

Energy is necessary for industrial activities and social development. Due to environmental effect of fossil fuels and resource limitation, the importance of using renewable energy is growing. One of the most appropriate renewable energies is solar energy. Photovoltaic cells directly convert solar energy to electricity. In addition to PV technology, selecting an appropriate site is a main concern for PV power plant installation. The aim this article is to select suitable site for photovoltaic installation in a case study, Iran. Four different locations are the primary options for utility scale PV plants installation and the best choice is selected based on a MADM method, TOPSIS.

This article presents a staircase model for the catch-up process in the aircraft industry based on Reverse Product Life Cycle (RPLC). The model is composed of five consecutive phases: (1) maintenance and repair; (2) licensed production; (3) enhancing technological capabilities; (4) independent aircraft development from behind the technology frontier; and (5) independent aircraft development at the technology frontier. In order to propose this model, the catch-up processes in the aircraft industry in six latecomer countries (Brazil as a successful case, Japan and China which are still in the catch-up process and Romania, Indonesia and Argentina as unsuccessful cases) were studied. Then their activities in the catch-up process were categorized based on Miles and Huberman's data analysis method. Finally, the catch-up processes of all surveyed countries were considered on the same timeline, to gain a better perception about dynamics of different phases of the catch-up process in the aircraft industry. This suggested some ideas about: (1) overlaps between different phases; (2) relative size of different phases; and (3) different possible routes between phases. It was also concluded that in the aircraft industry, evolution based on sequential steps is more successful than jumping between different steps. The validity of the model is checked by its conformity with other studies on catch-up models. In addition, the catch-up processes of all surveyed countries were successfully mapped to the proposed model.

Purpose: Commercialization is a step toward new products/services development. Due to high rate of product/service failure in ICT industry, the purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate commercialization methods implemented by companies that operate within ICT industry at the Science and Technology Park of University of Tehran. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodology of this study is of field research type. After examining commercialization methods presented in the literature and confirming methods found by the discipline elite, structured interviews were conducted addressed managers and experts of ICT companies. Results: Three methods of "joint research contracts", "exhibitions" and "spin-offs" are among the most common commercialization methods used by companies. Conclusion: Due to uncertainties that exist in ICT industry, companies should consider different strategies in order to develop successful products and services. Finally, specific policies are determined to implement each commercialization method in knowledge-based companies. ; Namen: Komercializacija je korak v razvoju novih izdelkov in storitev. Ker je delež stopnje neuspešnih komercializacije izdelkov in storitev v IKT industrij na splošno zelo visok, smo se namenili preučiti in oceniti metode komercializacije, ki jih uporabljajo podjetja s področja IKT industrije v Tehnološkem parku Univerze za znanost in tehnologijo v Teheranu. Načrtovanje/ metodologija / pristop: Osnovni metodološki pristop naše študije je terenska raziskava. Potem ko smo proučili metode komercializacije predstavljene v literaturi in izbrali tiste, ki so bile ocenjene kot najboljše, smo opravili še strukturirane intervjuje z managerji in strokovnjaki v IKT podjetjih. Rezultati: Tri metode: "skupne pogodbe za raziskovanje", "razstave" in "spin-off" so med najpogostejšimi metodami komercializacije, ki jih uporabljajo podjetja. Zaključek: Zaradi negotovosti, ki so vedno prisotne v IKT industriji, morajo podjetja uporabljati različne strategije, da bi razvili uspešne izdelke in storitve. Podjetja, katerih dejavnost temelji na znanju, morajo poiskati svoje specifične pristopi in politike za komercializacijo svojih izdelkov in storitev.

Abstract
Purpose: Commercialization is a step toward new products/services development. Due to high rate of product/service failure in ICT industry, the purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate commercialization methods implemented by companies that operate within ICT industry at the Science and Technology Park of University of Tehran.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodology of this study is of field research type. After examining commercialization methods presented in the literature and confirming methods found by the discipline elite, structured interviews were conducted addressed managers and experts of ICT companies.
Results: Three methods of "joint research contracts", "exhibitions" and "spin-offs" are among the most common commercialization methods used by companies.
Conclusion: Due to uncertainties that exist in ICT industry, companies should consider different strategies in order to develop successful products and services. Finally, specific policies are determined to implement each commercialization method in knowledge-based companies.

Security of energy supply has been one of the important debates among citizens and governments of the Nordic countries after the first energy crisis. In response, diversification was defined as the heart strategy to reach a certain level of energy supply. This article discusses about the level of energy security in the Nordic countries with comparison to other developed countries and their neighbors. Then, the support schemes and policies to achieve the energy security and diversification are reviewed based on the system thinking approach with especial focus on the renewable energy resources. This approach provides a unique and powerful tool to explain the complexity and the relationships among the elements of the support schemes in the energy security analysis. ; ©2012 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in Journal of renewable and sustainable energy 4(6) in 2012, and may be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4765695. ; fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed|