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This book is about how much people earn and why the distribution of earnings has been changing over time. The gap between the top and bottom in the United States has widened significantly since 1980. Why has this happened? Is it due to new technologies? What is the role of globalisation? Are there historical precedents?The book begins with the "race" between technology and education, and shows that continuing technical progress does not necessarily imply a continuing rise in dispersion. It then examines the experience of 20 OECD countries over the twentieth century, material presente

The Welfare State is a key policy issue of the 1990s. The essays in this book depart from much of the recent economic debate in emphasising the positive contributions of the Welfare State, and in assessing its efficiency in relation to the objectives which it is intended to achieve. These objectives are not just the alleviation of poverty but more broadly the provision of security and the redistribution of income. Part A of the book sets the current debate in the context of the current evidence about income inequality and poverty in Europe. Part B analyses the existing role of the Welfare State, with particular reference to retirement pensions and unemployment benefit. Part C investigates proposals for reform and security. What is the case for greater targeting? How can we design a social safety net? What is the future of European social protection policy?

Der britische Finanzminister rechtfertigte die jüngste Senkung des Einkommensteuer- Spitzensatzes in Großbritannien mit optimalsteuertheoretischen Argumenten. Dieser Beitrag legt die zugrunde liegende Argumentation dar, die auf den Analysen im Mirrlees Review zum britischen Steuersystem beruht, und identifiziert sieben Gründe, weshalb diese Analyse nicht unmittelbar in steuerpolitische Empfehlungen umgesetzt werden kann. Vielmehr sind vertiefende Analysen erforderlich. ; Optimal tax arguments were employed by the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer when he justified cutting the top rate of income tax. This article sets out the underlying argument, which is that made in the Mirrlees Review of taxation in the UK, and identifies seven reasons why their analysis may not be a reliable guide to policy. A richer analysis is needed.

This paper assembles and reviews empirical evidence about the personal distribution of income in Europe and makes a comparison with the United States. From his analysis, the author concludes, among other things, that: the United States has higher income inequality than Europe; within Western Europe, the Scandinavian countries, Benelux and West Germany have less inequality, Southern Europe and Ireland have higher inequality, and France, the United Kingdom, and Italy, occupy an intermediate position; differences in the distribution of income outweigh differences in average incomes: the poorest families in the United States fare less well than those in a number of European countries; and, the 'Europe-wide' distribution, viewing the European Union as an entity, is less unequal than that in the United States.

Introduction --What do we mean by poverty? --Clarifying concepts --The key role of data --Global poverty and the sustainable development goals --Poverty in Asia and the pacific --Africa: diversity of experience --Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean --Poverty in rich countries and a global measure of poverty --Conclusions: beyond $1.90 a day --Growth, inequality, and poverty reduction --Poverty and climate change.

Setting the scene --Learning from history --The economics of inequality --A summing-up so far --Technological change and countervailing power --Employment and pay in the future --Capital shared --Progressive taxation --Social security for all --Proposals to reduce the extent of inequality --Shrinking the cake? --Globalisation prevents action? --Can we afford it? -- The way forward.

A rapidly growing area of economic research investigates the top of the income distribution using data from income tax records. This volume brings together studies of top incomes for twelve countries from around the world, including China, India, Japan, Argentina and Indonesia. Together with the first volume, published in 2007, the studies cover twenty two countries. They have a long time span, the earliest data relating to 1875 (for Norway), allowing recent developments to beplaced in historical perspective. The volume describes in detail the source data and the methods employed. It will be a