Suchergebnisse

Avec la globalisation des échanges et la nécessité de répondre à de nouveaux enjeux liés au changement climatique et à la crise énergétique, les agricultures africaines sont sollicitées pour produire de nouvelles cultures. L'introduction de ces dernières dans les espaces productifs a connu des succès, comme le cas de l'anacarde (noix de cajou) en Afrique de l'Ouest ou des déconvenues, comme c'est actuellement le cas du jatropha dans toute cette région. Ces résultats ont des intensités, des rationalités, des formes, des trajectoires diverses en fonction des espaces dans lesquels ils ont lieu. Ainsi au sein d'un même pays, certaines régions s'empareront de ces cultures alors que d'autres les rejetteront plus ou moins rapidement. Comprendre les raisons de ces succès et échecs en relation avec leur localisation est un enjeu majeur pour accompagner au mieux ces changements. Ainsi, cette thèse questionne la forme et la dynamique d'une innovation agricole au regard de son ancrage territorial. Actuellement, le concept de Système d'Innovation (SI) offre un cadre d'analyse systémique des processus d'innovations. Mais ce dernier est généralement appliqué à des échelles nationales ou sectorielles ; la dimension territoriale n'y est que rarement prise en compte. L'objectif de cette thèse est de construire un cadre d'analyse territorial de l'innovation selon une approche fonctionnaliste, permettant d'identifier les fonctions que le SI et le territoire doivent activer conjointement pour que l'innovation puisse se diffuser. Ce cadre a été construit à partir de la littérature et d'observations de terrain avant d'être appliqué aux cas de l'anacarde et du jatropha dans le sud-ouest du Burkina Faso. La démarche mise en place, allie des enquêtes, une analyse spatiale de l'innovation et une grille d'évaluation des relations entre fonctionnement du SI et fonctionnement des territoires. Les résultats mettent en évidence des facteurs de blocage et les synergies expliquant le degré d'adoption de l'innovation, tels que l'accessibilité du territoire, sa capacité d'échange, son système productif, la légitimité de ses institutions, etc. Ils permettent de comprendre la dynamique de l'innovation agricole comme un processus d'interactions successives avec le territoire et mettent également en lumière le rôle de l'innovation dans les changements territoriaux en cours. La grille d'analyse offre aussi des perspectives d'utilisation prédictive pour évaluer le développement d'une innovation selon les caractéristiques des territoires. Enfin, des recommandations sont formulées en faveur d'actions localisées et priorisées afin d'améliorer l'efficacité des systèmes d'innovation agricoles.

Le système d'innovation est un concept clé pour l'analyse des changements socio-techniques qui renvoie à une structure et à des fonctions qui contribuent à développer et à diffuser l'innovation. Cet article propose une approche originale d'analyse d'un système d'innovation au travers des processus de diffusion spatiale d'un produit agricole?: l'anacarde (noix de cajou). Les formes et les vitesses de propagation des vergers d'anacardiers sont analysées et mises au regard de la structure et des fonctions du système d'innovation. Les résultats montrent que la mesure du processus de diffusion spatiale permet de révéler les types de réseaux, la force des liens entre les acteurs et d'identifier les dysfonctionnements du système.

L'essor de l'anacarde (noix de cajou) au Burkina Faso a été fortement soutenu par l'État dans les années 1980 au sein de territoires de conservation devenus des territoires de développement. Mais la globalisation des échanges a conduit à une restructuration de la filière à partir de 1995. L'expansion des vergers est depuis lors le fait des petits producteurs. L'introduction et la diffusion des vergers s'accompagnent à l'échelle locale d'une renégociation des droits sur la terre. Lors de cette re-territorialisation, certains gagnent des droits, tandis que d'autres en perdent. Cette reconfiguration socio-spatiale guidée par les marchés internationaux pose la question des effets à long terme de ces formes de territorialisation "par le bas", qui se révèlent être inégalitaires.

Cette communication propose un cadre d'analyse des innovations agricoles combinant les apprentissages à l'échelle des exploitations agricoles et les modes d'intervention des organisations pour accompagner les innovations. Il a été appliqué dans deux communes du Moyen-Ouest de Madagascar au sujet d'innovations à partir de nouvelles légumineuses. Les résultats montrent que les apprentissages sont influencés par les modes d'intervention des acteurs de développement et de la recherche ainsi que par le type d'outils utilisés pour l'accompagnement. Les modes d'intervention privilégiés des organisations correspondent au transfert de technologie mais de nouveaux outils, centrés sur les échanges multi-acteurs sont récemment développés.

En réponse aux études antérieures d'estimation de potentiels de production des biocarburants issus de la biomasse, cette communication propose une approche rénovée de la compréhension des mécanismes d'introduction d'innovations agricoles - au sens de l'insertion de nouvelles cultures dans un système institué. En posant l'hypothèse de l'existence de conditions spatiales et techniques favorables à leur introduction, l'approche par le territoire a été choisie, en distinguant trois dimensions : structurelle, dynamique et relative. Nous avons opté pour une démarche analogique, menée sur l'anacardier dans le Sud Ouest du Burkina Faso, en mobilisant aussi bien l'analyse de terrain, que l'analyse spatiale et de données. Les résultats ont permis de montrer, d'une part deux mécanismes distincts d'adoption territoriale de cette production et de proposer d'autre part, une modélisation des phénomènes d'adoption et de diffusion à l'échelle communale sur la base d'indicateurs territoriaux.

Sustainability is crucial for biofuels and bioenergy production in general. However, historically speaking, the biofuels industry has largely ignored sustainability criteria and consequently has been the source of considerable controversy. Despite a real expansion worldwide, biofuels development has still to face many barriers in the three pillars of sustainability. In the environmental domain, biofuels have to face accusations of deforestation, loss of biodiversity, carbon emission, water usage, etc. In the economic domain, they are accused to compete with other land uses for basic needs such as food and material , and they must prove that they are more viable than oil and other renewable energies. In the social domain, they also have to answer to complaints about land grabbing, rural poverty, social acceptance. Over the past twenty years, a large number of studies aimed to estimate the amount of bioenergy that can be produced in a sustainable manner. Results are very contrasted for many reasons mainly due to the heterogeneity of methodologies, definitions, assumptions and datasets employed. However, most studies agree that among all possible sources of biomass energy, energy crops are considered as the most important. Other crops and forest residues can also be good sources but do not reach the potential of energy crops. These studies lead to consider that the main potential contribution of biomass for energy production will depend on one hand of the energy crops yields and on the other hand on the quantity, the quality and the location of available land to cultivate. Considering that grassland, savannah or shrubland are idle or non-used land, most of the studies locate the majority of potentially available land in developing countries, in Sub-Saharan Africa and South America. But there is considerable debates about the availability of land in these regions and many authors point out the need for a clearer picture of what it means. Thus, land availability is maybe the most crucial parameters in sustainable potential assessment. But this concept of availability encompasses many interlinked factors and is lacking a clear definition. Depending on methodologies, availability may include technical or economic or social or legal or environmental factors, or multiple combinations of these different factors. However, since the 1990s, in order to guarantee the sustainability of the global bioenergy potential, several governments, NGOs and private companies have proposed ecological and social sustainability criteria which bioenergy has to fulfill. Since the early 2000s a set of voluntary standards have emerged in the Agro-food sector. They are produced through multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI), which are presented as their main source of legitimacy. Many of these initiatives also called "Roundtables" are recognized and used in the sector of biofuel feedstock production : Roundtable for sustainable Palm Oil ( RSPO 2004), Roundtable for Responsible Soy (RTRS 2006), Better Sugar Cane Initiative (BSI), Better Cotton Initiative (BCI), and Round Table Sustainable Biofuels (RSB). All these standards have in common to define principles and criteria that restrain the availability of land dedicated to energy crops. They place restrictions on i) the types of land that may be used to grow energy crops and on ii) the social and technical models of production. According to these schemes availability of land is defined by criteria including technical factors (slope, soil, …), legal factors (land rights, respect of legal conservation areas), logistics factors (accessibility, distance to plants), environmental factors (high conservation values, carbon stocks), conversion factors (loss of biodiversity, zero deforestation), or food security factors (no competition with food crops), etc. These standards are still controversial and without doubt need to be improved, but in many countries including developing ones they currently drive feedstock production and therefore land availability for energy crops. The main objective of this paper is to propose a spatially explicit methodology to assess and analyze land availability for energy crops at national scale. The originality of this methodology is to start from existing sustainability standards of production and to translate principles and criteria into spatial constraints of availability. The methodological framework is applied in two West African countries : Mali and Burkina Faso. The application shows that taking into account farms structures and sustainable production rules reduces the land considered to be available by a factor of at least 4. The other key lesson is that family agriculture and contract farming may present viable alternatives to agro-industrial models. The advantage of this approach is that the scenarios built do not represent starting points of the assessment, but are rather one of the results. The scenarios and the production models are clearly formalized and thus represent topics of discussion which can be understood by producers and decision makers, allowing rules for the sustainable use of areas to be negotiated and refined.

Cette communication présente quelques résultats de quatre enquêtes menées auprès d'un nombre significatif d'exploitations agricoles (EA) dans trois zones du Moyen Ouest et des Hautes Terres centrales de Madagascar. Au-delà de quelques objectifs spécifiques, ces travaux visaient une meilleure connaissance des structures des EA, de leurs modes de fonctionnement et de leurs performances dans les zones où intervient le dP SPAD1 . Les enquêtes menées ont une partie commune avec des informations qui permettent de mener des analyses selon le cadre conceptuel des moyens d'existence (voir notamment Scoones, 1998).

Agricultural research for development (AR4D) organizations can achieve greater impact by using complexityaware approaches, but for this to happen a more compelling case needs to be made to justify their use. Our contribution is to develop and test a generalizable complexity-aware theory of change of how AR4D fosters innovation. The proposed model shows that AR4D achieves impact through three interconnected impact pathways: • Technology Development and Adoption Pathway • Capacity Development Pathway • Policy Influence Pathway The paper presents three cases, which provide an empirical test for the model. The cases give good empirical support to the three impact pathways. The theory of change we developed emphasizes self-reinforcing feedback loops as mechanisms by which small, well-focused research interventions can achieve impact at scale. However, to harness complexity in this way requires organizations to make broad-based and profound changes to working practices and the institutions that support them. These include being more circumspect about predictions of program impact at the start, putting in place functional adaptive management systems providing support to reflexive practice and other behaviours known to foster innovation.

Le conseil agricole occupe une place prépondérante dans l'appui aux processus d'innovation, particulièrement dans les pays du Sud. Or, l'accompagnement de l'innovation nécessite une diversité de formes d'appuis, appelés services support à l'innovation (SSI). À partir d'une analyse exploratoire à Madagascar, cet article questionne la place du conseil agricole vis-à-vis de la diversité des organisations et des activités d'accompagnement de l'innovation. Les principales organisations fournissant des SSI ont été étudiées dans quatre régions des Hautes Terres de Madagascar et leur offre de SSI caractérisée. Les résultats montrent que le conseil technique reste prépondérant dans l'éventail de l'offre de SSI, avec un fort pluralisme des fournisseurs de conseil et une diversité de combinaisons avec les autres SSI. Or, les porteurs d'innovation doivent bénéficier d'autres SSI, tels que le renforcement de capacité, la mise en réseau, des appuis institutionnels, un accès au financement, intrants et équipements nécessaires à l'innovation. Ces résultats appellent à renouveler les postures du conseiller agricole vers davantage d'appui au renforcement de capacité et interrogent la stratégie des organisations vis-à-vis de leur appui à l'innovation : la spécialisation dans le conseil, la combinaison à d'autres SSI ou la collaboration avec d'autres organisations. Ces éléments renouvellent le constat du pluralisme de l'offre de conseil qui, analysé par le prisme des SSI, ne s'applique pas seulement à l'échelon de l'agent-conseiller ou de l'organisation, mais également dans des réseaux d'organisations aux configurations variables. Les perspectives de cette analyse sont d'assurer la coordination des dispositifs de conseil avec les autres fournisseurs de SSI pour une plus grande efficacité dans l'accompagnement des porteurs d'innovation.

The new agricultural EU policy aims at strengthening actors' capacities for innovation by taking into account the complexity of innovation processes. This paper aims to characterise the key innovation support services (ISS) which are needed to support actors to innovate. In the EU AgriSpin project, we analysed 57 case studies describing innovation processes. We used a common grid to characterize ISS. Our results show that ISS depends on the phase of the innovation. During the initial phases, there is a nee d for innovative support services (e.g. network building, support to innovator). In the latter phases, there is a need for more conventional services (e.g. training, credit) both at farm level, value chain level and territory level. Brokering functions and new services are key in supporting actors to innovate by facilitating interactions for co-production of knowledge, co-design of technologies and, identification of new institutional arrangements.

peer-reviewed ; The new agricultural EU policy aims at strengthening actors' capacities for innovation by taking into account the complexity of innovation processes. This paper aims to characterise the key innovation support services (ISS) which are needed to support actors to innovate. In the EU AgriSpin project, we analysed 57 case studies describing innovation processes. We used a common grid to characterize ISS. Our results show that ISS depends on the phase of the innovation. During the initial phases, there is a need for innovative support services (e.g. network building, support to innovator). In the latter phases, there is a need for more conventional services (e.g. training, credit) both at farm level, value chain level and territory level. Brokering functions and new services are key in supporting actors to innovate by facilitating interactions for co-production of knowledge, co-design of technologies and, identification of new institutional arrangements.

In this contribution, we have analysed the "dynamics and diversity of innovation support services, especially networking, facilitation and brokerage service situations as key for influencing successful outcome of innovation processes"?. Results indicate that service activities linked with "enhancing access to resources" and "offering capacity building, stand out as dominant across all three phases of innovation processes for the four innovation cases studied. This implies, support actors and beneficiaries of services seem to attach more importance to technical service activities (e.g. training) and access to resources (e.g. technical, financial resources) as well as facilitating market access over soft skills related service activities such as networking facilitation and brokerage, institutional support for niche innovations, advisory and consultancy and demand articulation. Nevertheless, a cross-cutting view of especially networking service activity reveals its presence in varied dynamics, diversity and forms. We, therefore, recommend that to enhance the key role of networking in any attempt at accompanying and supporting innovation processes, this service function: 1) should be considered as cross-cutting, embedded in every service function and service situation and 2) its specific activities should be sub-categorised under intended networking service activities and side-effect networking service activities all driven by both service providers and beneficiaries of these services for a better maximization of their expected impact on the success of targeted innovations under promotion.

International audience ; This paper provides an early assessment of the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and of subsequent response measures on milk production, collection, processing, marketing and consumption in Africa. We focus on the period surrounding the first wave of the outbreak (from February to June 2020), during which the number of cases surged and many steps were taken to curb the epidemic. The paper is based on reports from four countries covered by the Africa-Milk Research Project: Burkina Faso, Kenya, Madagascar and Senegal. Data was collected primarily from nine dairy processors located in those countries. Major conclusions of the study are: (1) Dairy farmers were negatively affected by COVID-19 measures when the health crisis coincided with the peak of the milk production season, and when governments did not take steps to support milk production. (2) Small and informal milk collectors were also affected by traffic restrictions as they could not obtain traffic permits. (3) Milk powder importation remained unaffected during the outbreak. (4) Dairy processors (particularly small ones) faced many challenges restricting their operation. Travel restrictions led to temporary interruptions of milk supply, and because of employee protection and safety measures, processing costs increased. (5) Many small retailers were affected by bans on public transport and reduced their purchases of artisanal dairy products; meanwhile, spoilage of dairy products increased during long curfews coupled with poor storage conditions. Supermarkets were able to increase their market share during the pandemic thanks to their connections with industrial dairy processors and wholesalers. (6) A majority of consumers decreased their consumption of dairy products due to a decrease of purchasing power. In some cases, an increase in consumption occurred (due to Ramadan month and dry season high temperatures) and consumption shifted towards long-life dairy products. (7) Overall, the consequences of the health crisis affected more ...

International audience ; This paper provides an early assessment of the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and of subsequent response measures on milk production, collection, processing, marketing and consumption in Africa. We focus on the period surrounding the first wave of the outbreak (from February to June 2020), during which the number of cases surged and many steps were taken to curb the epidemic. The paper is based on reports from four countries covered by the Africa-Milk Research Project: Burkina Faso, Kenya, Madagascar and Senegal. Data was collected primarily from nine dairy processors located in those countries. Major conclusions of the study are: (1) Dairy farmers were negatively affected by COVID-19 measures when the health crisis coincided with the peak of the milk production season, and when governments did not take steps to support milk production. (2) Small and informal milk collectors were also affected by traffic restrictions as they could not obtain traffic permits. (3) Milk powder importation remained unaffected during the outbreak. (4) Dairy processors (particularly small ones) faced many challenges restricting their operation. Travel restrictions led to temporary interruptions of milk supply, and because of employee protection and safety measures, processing costs increased. (5) Many small retailers were affected by bans on public transport and reduced their purchases of artisanal dairy products; meanwhile, spoilage of dairy products increased during long curfews coupled with poor storage conditions. Supermarkets were able to increase their market share during the pandemic thanks to their connections with industrial dairy processors and wholesalers. (6) A majority of consumers decreased their consumption of dairy products due to a decrease of purchasing power. In some cases, an increase in consumption occurred (due to Ramadan month and dry season high temperatures) and consumption shifted towards long-life dairy products. (7) Overall, the consequences of the health crisis affected more ...

This paper provides an early assessment of the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and of subsequent response measures on milk production, collection, processing, marketing and consumption in Africa. We focus on the period surrounding the first wave of the outbreak (from February to June 2020), during which the number of cases surged and many steps were taken to curb the epidemic. The paper is based on reports from four countries covered by the Africa-Milk Research Project: Burkina Faso, Kenya, Madagascar and Senegal. Data was collected primarily from nine dairy processors located in those countries. Major conclusions of the study are: (1) Dairy farmers were negatively affected by COVID-19 measures when the health crisis coincided with the peak of the milk production season, and when governments did not take steps to support milk production. (2) Small and informal milk collectors were also affected by traffic restrictions as they could not obtain traffic permits. (3) Milk powder importation remained unaffected during the outbreak. (4) Dairy processors (particularly small ones) faced many challenges restricting their operation. Travel restrictions led to temporary interruptions of milk supply, and because of employee protection and safety measures, processing costs increased. (5) Many small retailers were affected by bans on public transport and reduced their purchases of artisanal dairy products; meanwhile, spoilage of dairy products increased during long curfews coupled with poor storage conditions. Supermarkets were able to increase their market share during the pandemic thanks to their connections with industrial dairy processors and wholesalers. (6) A majority of consumers decreased their consumption of dairy products due to a decrease of purchasing power. In some cases, an increase in consumption occurred (due to Ramadan month and dry season high temperatures) and consumption shifted towards long-life dairy products. (7) Overall, the consequences of the health crisis affected more small and informal dairy supply chains than the larger ones, which are more formal, better organised and finally more resilient to face this kind of global crisis.