Suchergebnisse

Introduction : the cold war from a new perspective / Sari Autio-Sarasmo and Katalin Miklossy -- The Soviet Union's acquisition of western technology after Stalin : some thoughts on people and connections / Philip Hanson -- Economic interest in Soviet post-war policy on Finland / Tatiana Androsova -- CoCom and neutrality : western export control policies, Finland and the Cold War, 1949-1958 / Niklas Jensen-Eriksen -- Knowledge through the Iron Curtain : Soviet scientific-technical cooperation with Finland and West Germany / Sari Autio-Sarasmo -- Learning from the French : the modernisation of Soviet winemaking, 1956-1961 / Jeremy Smith -- Soft contacts through the Iron Curtain / Riikka Nisonen-Trinka -- Internal transfer of cybernetics and informality in the Soviet Union : the case of Lithuania / Egle Rindzeviciute -- New advantages of old kinship ties : Finnish-Hungarian interactions in the 1970s / Katalin Miklossy -- Soviet women, cultural exchange and the Women's International Democratic Federation / Melanie Ilic -- Overcoming Cold War boundaries at the world youth festivals / Pia Koivunen -- Room to manoeuvre? : national interests and coalition-building in the CMEA, 1969-1974 / Suvi Kansikas.

External evaluations by an international committee of the scientific risk assessment and decision-making processes of the Netherlands Competent Authority for the authorisation of plant protection products and biocides (Ctgb) were conducted in 2013 and 2018. Based on the experience drawn from them, a general guidance for such visitations is suggested. An international visitation committee examined the structure and management of the Authority, its human resources and staff policy, the scientific processes and output, the documentation and communication of its decisions and the mechanisms for keeping up to date with international scientific developments. Attention was paid to the degree of openness and transparency throughout the organisation and in particular when dealing with confidential information. From the experience gained it can be concluded that visitations not aiming at finding mistakes and omissions but instead focusing on recommendations and constructive suggestions will result in cooperation, mutual trust and acceptance of the recommendations made. A follow-up visitation after a few years can be effective in maintaining a traceable, high-level scientific output. In view of the strong drive towards the European Union-wide harmonisation of the regulatory practices of hazardous chemicals, a voluntary evaluation of regulatory authorities' scientific performance is recommended as a means for organisational learning.