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Much has been written about the role of "participation " in rural development (e g , Uphoff & Esman, 1974; Cohen & Uphoff, 1977; Creighton, 1981, Esman & Uphoff, 1984; Salmen, 1987). Some writers have focused on program design, others on program planning and implementation, and still others on evaluation, but all acknowledge the value of a broadly participatory development strategy in intervention programs There has been little empirical work, and even less agreement, on what constitutes 'participation " in the development enterprise; nonetheless, most practitioners believe that indigenous knowledge is crucial to the success of most such enterprises This article examines the relationship between participation and indigenous knowledge and the role of the latter in rural development.

In 16 contributions (and four parts) the book deals with different aspects of indigenous communication systems in Africa. In part one, contributors analytically examine the theoretical background to the structures and processes of the indigenous communication systems. They explain e.g. how communication theories could promote or interfere with the application of certain systems in the design and implementation of development projects. Part two explores the limits and possibilities of the applications of the indigenous media in development programmes and projects. Part three is mainly composed of case studies that demonstrate the processes of the indigenous communication systems. Finally, in part four contributors describe future directions for upgrading the profile of indigenous communication systems and their incorporation into mainstream communication. (DÜI-Sbd)