Suchergebnisse

In the post-1991 U.S.-Ethiopian diplomacy, the use of foreign policy as a framework to advance the cause of human rights has faced several challenges rooted in the way human rights is defined and the intricate interests vested in the U.S. foreign policy establishment. This article elucidates the limitations and challenges of diplomatic machinery as a framework for advancing the cause of human rights. First, human rights in the U.S. foreign policy machine have been given a marginal or subordinate place in diplomatic priorities. Second, the Government of Ethiopia's (GOE) resistance and tough diplomatic measures and Ethiopia's strategic importance to the U.S. have alienated or narrowed the space for active human rights diplomacy in Ethiopia, making it a highly politicized undertaking rife with claims and counterclaims of sovereignty, national interest, power politics, and manipulation. However, effective advancement of human rights using the foreign policy framework is limited not only to the choice of U.S. foreign policy makers/diplomats, but also equally important is the domestic political context. Finally, this article will show how GOE has evaded active human rights diplomacy, but done so in a way that serves the overall U.S. strategic foreign policy.

Master Erasmus Mundus TPTI « Techniques, Patrimoines, Territoires de l'Industrie : Histoire, valorisation, didactique » ; À travers l'étude de cas de Lalibela (Éthiopie) et dans une perspective historique, ce mémoire ambitionne de questionner la gestion du patrimoine culturel et les problèmes induits par divers jeux d'acteurs et de pouvoir. Dans le premier chapitre, je reviens sur les étapes de l'internationalisation des églises de Lalibela. Aucun des premiers visiteurs de Lalibela n'ambitionnait de produire une étude scientifique mais ils ont en revanche tous contribué à faire connaître Lalibela. Je montre aussi que Lalibela occupe une place très particulière en Éthiopie, à la fois en tant que haut-lieu de pèlerinage pour tous les Chrétiens mais aussi pour de nombreux rois et gouverneurs. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je me concentre principalement sur les monuments. Avant l'arrivée des techniques de conservation dites modernes, les populations locales restauraient les églises grâce aux compétences de leurs maçons et artisans. Ces pratiques sont aujourd'hui idéalisées dans les mémoires des anciens. La fragilité structurelle des églises combinée à leur internationalisation précoce a attiré de nombreux acteurs nationaux et internationaux du patrimoine. Généralement tenus à l'écart des récents programmes de conservation, la communauté locale critique systématiquement ces interventions sur les monuments. Le problème semble se nouer autour d'un manque d'acteurs intermédiaires entre les acteurs institutionnels du patrimoine et la communauté locale. Dans le dernier chapitre, je questionne la gestion contemporaine du site. Lalibela est devenue un outil politique et économique pour le pays, tout particulièrement à travers le tourisme. Valorisation patrimoniale et habitants sont désormais incompatibles, comme le montre l' Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project . Les habitants sont fragilisés par de tels programmes qui établissent la nécessité d'éloigner les populations des églises. Les programmes de conservation et de valorisation n'apportent pas seulement un certain mépris envers les populations locales, mais ils répandent aussi l'idée que l'existence même de ces populations est une menace pour leur propre patrimoine, les églises dans le cas de Lalibela.

Master Erasmus Mundus TPTI « Techniques, Patrimoines, Territoires de l'Industrie : Histoire, valorisation, didactique » ; À travers l'étude de cas de Lalibela (Éthiopie) et dans une perspective historique, ce mémoire ambitionne de questionner la gestion du patrimoine culturel et les problèmes induits par divers jeux d'acteurs et de pouvoir. Dans le premier chapitre, je reviens sur les étapes de l'internationalisation des églises de Lalibela. Aucun des premiers visiteurs de Lalibela n'ambitionnait de produire une étude scientifique mais ils ont en revanche tous contribué à faire connaître Lalibela. Je montre aussi que Lalibela occupe une place très particulière en Éthiopie, à la fois en tant que haut-lieu de pèlerinage pour tous les Chrétiens mais aussi pour de nombreux rois et gouverneurs. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je me concentre principalement sur les monuments. Avant l'arrivée des techniques de conservation dites modernes, les populations locales restauraient les églises grâce aux compétences de leurs maçons et artisans. Ces pratiques sont aujourd'hui idéalisées dans les mémoires des anciens. La fragilité structurelle des églises combinée à leur internationalisation précoce a attiré de nombreux acteurs nationaux et internationaux du patrimoine. Généralement tenus à l'écart des récents programmes de conservation, la communauté locale critique systématiquement ces interventions sur les monuments. Le problème semble se nouer autour d'un manque d'acteurs intermédiaires entre les acteurs institutionnels du patrimoine et la communauté locale. Dans le dernier chapitre, je questionne la gestion contemporaine du site. Lalibela est devenue un outil politique et économique pour le pays, tout particulièrement à travers le tourisme. Valorisation patrimoniale et habitants sont désormais incompatibles, comme le montre l' Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project . Les habitants sont fragilisés par de tels programmes qui établissent la nécessité d'éloigner les populations des églises. Les programmes de conservation et de valorisation n'apportent pas seulement un certain mépris envers les populations locales, mais ils répandent aussi l'idée que l'existence même de ces populations est une menace pour leur propre patrimoine, les églises dans le cas de Lalibela.

The study investigates the effects of government transport infrastructure expenditure on economic growth in Ethiopia between 1975 and 2015 using annual time series data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), transport infrastructure, human capital, defense, agriculture and culture and sport. The time series property of the data is checked for the presence of unit root using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test technique .All variables are integrated, which implies that the variables has long run relationship .For the analysis co integration and Error Correction Model together with descriptive statistics (table, graph and chart) are used .The result reveals that government expenditure on transport infrastructure has positive and significant effects on economic growth .Additionally, from the expenditures incorporated for the analysis, expenditures on human capital, agriculture and defense have also positive and significant long run effect. However, expenditure on culture and sport has negative and significant impacts on the economic growth. On the other hand, results from the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) shows that agriculture and transport infrastructure are significant in affecting economic growth in the short run but expenditure on human capital, defense and culture and sport are all insignificant. Based on the finding, the writer would like to recommend that government should allocate more budgets for the transport infrastructure investment together with agriculture, defense and human capital and reduce its expenditure on culture and sport.

Back ground: nursing is one of the stressful jobs in health sector. Job satisfaction is an essential element for the maintenance of the workforce of any organization. However, developments of coping strategies demand a clear understanding of workplace variables that either motivates nurses to remain employed or lead them to leave their current jobs. However, there is a scare of data about this in Ethiopia spatial in the study area. Objective: - The aim of the study was to assess factors influencing job satisfaction and intention to leave among nurses in governmental health facilities in Bahir Dar administrative city, North West Ethiopia, 2016. Methods: - An institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among nurses working in governmental health facilities in Bahir Dar with systematic random sampling technique to fulfill the main objective of this study. Data was collected by using self-administered structured questionnaire and entered into Epi data version 3.1 and then exported, cleaned & analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21. And also descriptive analysis frequency and percentile were used to present results. To determine association between nominal variables such as socio-demographic variables and nurses' level of satisfaction bivariate and multiple logistic regression were computed. Result: - nurses overall level job satisfaction and intention to leave the job were 43.6% and 60.9% respectively. The regression analysis showed that achievement, advancement, recognition at work, working security, working condition, and organization policy were significantly associated with the overall satisfaction and intention to leave (p<=0.05). Conclusion: majority of the participants had low level of satisfaction and high level of intention to leave. Different factors affect job satisfaction and intention to leave such as achievement, advancement, recognition at work, organization policy, working condition and working security. Key words: -job satisfaction, motivation, hygiene, nursing profession, intention to VII leave.

Background: Microscopic diagnosis of Geimsa stained thick and thin blood films by skilled microscopists has remained the standard laboratory method for the diagnosis of malaria. However, diagnosis of malaria with this method is problematic since interpretation of results requires considerable expertise particularly at low parasite level. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of laboratory professionals in diagnosis of malaria/plasmodium species in Hawassa city. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Among a total of eighty laboratory professionals working in public and private health facilities, seventy two were willing to participate with a response rate of 90%(72/80). Information on demographic characteristics was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 10 pre-validated panels of malaria slides were then distributed to assess laboratory professionals' performances on detection, differentiation of common species of malaria and quantification of parasite density. Results: The mean age of the participants was 27 (SD= 4.1) years and more than half of participants (56.9%) were female. Thirty-two (44.4%) of the participants were from two government hospitals, 9(12.5%) were from three private hospitals and 31(43.1%) were from six government health centers. Fourteen (19.4%) of participants correctly reported all the ten distributed slides and 58(80.6%) missed at least one slide. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of participants in detection of malaria parasites were 82% and 96.5% respectively and had 88% agreement with reference readers. The overall agreement between participants and reference readers for identification of malaria species was 74.3%; relatively the agreement was lower for government health centers (69%). Conclusion: The overall sensitivity and specificity of participants in detection of malaria parasites were 82% and 96.5% respectively; however, they had low (74.3%) agreement in identification of different species of malaria. Especially, lower agreement was reported for parasites at low density and identification of mixed infection. Participants from government health center were found to have low performances in identification of malaria parasite.

The pastoral mode of adaptation in the Awash Valley region of Ethiopia has long been under increasing pressure and stress as a result of manmade and ecological factors. The expansion of large-scale irrigation agriculture and conservation schemes has over the years led to the expropriation of vast portions of prime grazing land. Like other neighbouring pastoral groups in the area, pastoral Karrayu have borne the brunt of the resulting consequences. Unable to a large extent to practice their transhumant pastoral way of life in the customary way, the Karrayu have become compelled to resort to alternative livelihood strategies. Irrigated farming in the well-watered neighbourhoods is a major activity that they have embarked upon. In the wake of this shift have come about transformations in the patterns of settlement and land use and tenure arrangements. Concomitantly, horticultural communities have evolved, accompanied by different land access institutions and emerging land transaction practices. This study was conducted with a view to examining the dynamics of the evolving land use and access strategies, and generating fresh evidence in the context of a community under transformation from pastoral to agro-pastoral form of livelihood. The study was undertaken in an agro-pastoral setting, unlike most others that were conducted predominantly in smallholder agricultural communities of the highlands. Therefore, it is expected that the study will impart fresh insights of academic relevance as well as policy implications, thereby helping to fill the existing gap in knowledge on the subject of land use and tenural research.

Objective: To study knowledge and perceptions among residents of Bahir Dar about the causation, prevention, and treatment of sexually transmitted illnesses.

Methods: Sixty randomly selected informants, including 20 key informants, were interviewed about the occurrence of the most common sexually transmitted and other diseases, as well as illness perception, causation, prevention, and treatment in Bahir Dar using semi-structured interview guides. Ten health practitioners also were interviewed about their knowledge and attitudes about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and patients infected with them.


Results: The five most frequently named STDs were AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), in that order. HIV/AIDS and gonorrhea were relatively well known compared to the other STDs, reflecting their high prevalence. Community members used many local vernacular names to refer to sexually transmitted illnesses. This use of euphemisms reflects the cultural belief that such diseases should not be talked about openly. While the considerable stigma attached to all STDs inhibits open discussion, it is easier to talk about AIDS because of the wider publicity the epidemic has received. A number of misconceptions about causes and ways to prevent STDs were identified. Government health services were found to be used relatively
infrequently by persons with STDs. Stigma, inconvenience, problems in patient-provider interactions, and issues of confidentiality and privacy were major factors in both the underutilization of public health services and the widespread use of self-medication, traditional healers, private doctors, and injectionists (local practitioners who administer medical injections for a fee).


Conclusion and Recommendations: A combination of persisting misconceptions about the causation, transmission, and treatment of most STDs exists. The ethnomedical environment surrounding these diseases is characterized by strong stigmas, secrecy, delayed treatment, widespread self-medication, and problematic patient-health services relationships, all of which impede the prevention and control of STDs in Bahir Dar. Development and implementation of collaborative programs involving official health services and community-based organizations may increase STD clinic utilization rates.