The ambiguities of African chieftainships, particularly those in Nigeria, are examined, focusing on the difficult role of traditional rulers as intermediaries between central authorities & local constituencies, & on how they deal with the tension between modernity & traditionalism. A model for analyzing postcolonial chieftainships is presented, the political culture in which traditional rulers govern is explored, & the decline in the legitimacy of chieftainships is discussed. Also examined is the educational background of traditional rulers & the attitude of government toward chieftains. It is concluded that for traditional rulers to sustain their power they must develop techniques of legitimation that endear them to the government, nontraditional elites, & the people. Speculations on the future of chieftainships in Africa are offered. W. Howard