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Climate change adaptation presents a paradox: climate change is a global risk, yet vulnerability is locally experienced. Effective adaptation therefore depends on understanding the local context of vulnerability, which requires deliberative and participatory approaches to adaptation policy-making. But, how can local inclusiveness be achieved in the context of global environmental risk, and what sorts of institutions are needed? This article examines one avenue for the participation of vulnerable groups in adaptation policy-making: National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPAs). Drawing on the case study of Bangladesh, this article shows that the "adaptation paradox" creates a tension between local and global definitions of climate change risk, affecting the legitimacy of participatory processes under the NAPA. I propose that early analysis and engagement of existing local institutional frameworks as a starting point for national adaptation planning is one possible entry point for meaningful local deliberation in global climate change policy-making processes.

AbstractEvidence indicates ongoing tensions over effective climate change adaptation measurement. Focusing on community‐based adaptation (CBA), we stress that some of these tensions stem from a lack of transparency around the knowledge and learning needs of different stakeholders engaged in CBA investments. Drawing on a participatory assessment of stakeholder information needs and appropriate scales required for effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for CBA, this article presents a new M&E for CBA framework. The framework identifies four levels at which M&E is to be undertaken by CBA practitioners and associated project stakeholders: participatory M&E at community level; M&E at individual project level and comparison across multiple project sites; M&E of capacity of institutions implementing CBA; and M&E of community of practice. The proposed framework tailors its M&E approaches according to these levels. By moving beyond the existing dominant donor‐driven M&E perspective, we argue that this more nuanced approach enhances the usefulness of M&E by ensuring that the accountability of stakeholders engaged in CBA landscapes is legitimate across multiple scales. The framework is applicable for M&E of general development practice, as well as the climate change adaptation and resilience remit.

The article considers what kind of assistance developing countries require from international sources, including the European Union (EU). The article explores the two kinds of financial assistance that are currently being offered, including existing channels of official development assistance (ODA) and dedicated climate change funds under the UNFCCC. The authors discuss recent key developments in EU action on climate change, and will consider whether the EU is taking the right steps towards meeting adaptation needs in the South. The article argues that adaptation assistance from the EU should be additional to ODA. Adaptation should, where possible, also be mainstreamed into ODA and development assistance should be 'climate proof'. K. Cargill

Front -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- The EU's Internal and External Climate Policies: an Historical Overview -- The EU Emissions Trading System Revised (Directive 2009/29/EC) -- From Sharing the Burden to Sharing the Effort: Decision 406/2009/EC on Member State Emission Targets for non-ETS Sectors -- The EU's New Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) -- The Legal Framework for Carbon Capture and Storage in the EU (Directive 2009/31/EC) -- Mitigating CO2 Emissions from Cars in the EU(Regulation (EC) No 443/2009) -- The German Paradox: Climate Leader and Green Car Laggard -- Assessing EU Assistance for Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries: a Southern Perspective -- The Sustainability of the EU's Model for Climate Diplomacy -- Russia and the International Climate Change Regime -- Public Perceptions of Climate Change and Energy Issues in the EU and the United States -- List of Contributors.