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The phenomenon of online social networking during the age of the web creates an era known as the 'Online Social Network Era'. Whilst the advantages of the online social network are numerous, the drawbacks of online social network are also worrying. The explosion of the use of online social networks creates avenues for cyber criminals to commit crimes online, due to the rise of information technology and Internet use, which results in the growth of the Internet society which includes the children. The children, who are in need of 'extra' protection, are among the community in the online social network, and they are exposed to the cyber crimes which may be committed against them. This article seeks to explore and analyse the position on the protection of the children in the online society; and the focus is in Malaysia while other jurisdictions are referred as source of critique. The position in Malaysia is looked into before the introduction of the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017. It is found that, in the Online Social Network Era, there are inadequate protections for children in the Malaysian legal framework before the introduction of the Act. The effectiveness of the Act which is already passed by the Parliament but yet to be enforced, is yet to be seen.

It is recognized that the burden of proof in criminal justice is on the shoulder of the prosecution.Likewise, the presumption of innocence is a fundamental principle of human rights concerning fair trials, rights of person to remain silent and principle of innocence until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubts. However, the burden of proof can be shifted from the prosecutor to the defendant in some cases like in cases of money laundering, tax evasion, smuggling, terrorism and illicit enrichment.Hence, this article argues that the right of accused must be balanced against the right of society. This article found that some scholars and in some jurisdictions reject the shifting of onus of proof to the defendant to protect the fundamental provisions of human rights. This article also argues that the burden of proof should be understood as an instrument to curb corruption and deprive corruptors from the proceeds of crimes rather than the exaggeration the presumption of innocence.

Medical tourism is popular within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, especially in the Indonesian region. Theeconomic prosperity, closer vicinity as compared to Jakarta, and the quality of medical services provided in the neighbouring countrieslead to medical tourism prospering among the Indonesians. Malaysia is one of the most frequently visited countries by Indonesians asmedical tourists. The growth of medical tourism triggers issues of the adequacy of the Indonesian and Malaysian laws to regulatecross-border medical records. It is the aim of this study to examine the adequacy of the current laws in handling cross-border medical records. This study applied doctrinal legal research methodology, i.e., mainly library-based research, where the main legal materials were from Malaysia and Indonesia. It was found that the need for personal data protection is a necessity since boundaries among jurisdictions are becoming "borderless". The Malaysian law, although comprehensive, has yet to gazette any country as a "whitelisted country" to allow for cross-border data. The Indonesian law does not regulate crossborder medical records. The risk of personal data leakage has become imminent. The importance of cross-border medical records protection is important to create safe integrated medical records. While Malaysia has enacted a comprehensive legal framework on personal data protection (including medical data), Indonesia needs to enhance its legal framework in protecting the data. Regionally, the legal framework of cross-border personal data between Malaysia and Indonesia should be updated in accordance with the ASEAN Data Management Framework.

This book explores the prospects for higher education development in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Adopting a South-South perspective (from the viewpoint of a developing country), it seeks to promote a deeper understanding of this colourful and highly diverse, yet volatile region. As such, it examines six selected MENA countries that serve as case studies for identifying the gaps and challenges as well as their potentials in terms of higher education development. Based on expert interviews and focus-group discussions with more than 85 individuals across the six countries and complemented by related facts and figures from both international and national documents, it presents an in-depth discussion and analysis of the countries' respective political, security, and economic situations. These serve as preconditions for the cultivation of an environment conducive to facilitating the advancement of higher education. It also provides a critical overview of higher education in these countries, notably in terms of the current national system, legislative framework, accreditation, quality assurance, recognition concerns, and other critical issues that enable and/or constrain the development of their respective higher education sectors, and that of the region, as a whole