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[EN] References in patent documents are information sources about access to public knowledge, on which the invention's novelty, or lack thereof, can be justified. Usually references are broken down by type of cited literature, but we do it in a more original way: by type of cited institution. We focus on universities and compare Spain with the European Union 27 at national, regional and institutional levels. Access to public knowledge in Spain is similar to the overall European trends: highly internationalised with American universities being the most accessed. But Spain presents some idiosyncrasies: infrequent access to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and frequent access to Dutch and Israeli universities. Also access to universities from the same region occurs more often than in other Member States (especially in regions other than Madrid). In reference to the situation in other EU members, access to Spanish universities from Germany is relatively low and the only university with citations above the European average is the Autonomous University of Madrid. We offer policymakers some recommendations for modifying these characteristics according to certain desirability criteria. ; [ES] Las referencias bibliográficas contenidas en los documentos de patente son una fuente de información sobre el acceso al conocimiento público con que se justifica o ataca la novedad de la invención. En vez de la distinción habitual entre referencias por tipo de literatura citada, se aborda otra más original, por tipo de institución citada, y se pone el acento en las universidades. El acceso al conocimiento público universitario en España comparte tendencias europeas: está altamente internacionalizado y se accede sobre todo a universidades estadounidenses. Presenta algunas idiosincrasias, como el acceso relativamente infrecuente al Instituto Tecnológico de Massachussets; y la elevada frecuencia de citas a universidades holandesas e israelíes. Además, se accede a universidades de la propia región mucho más que en otros ...

[EN] This paper focuses on the question of whether the national production functions of patents owned by universities and public research organisations (PROs) differ. We use Eurostat patent and R&D data broken down by institutional sector for the European Union 27 and other countries in years 1982-2007, and we estimate dynamic panel models. The impact of R&D expenditure on patent ownership is higher for PROs than for universities. University patent ownership activity is dependent on business funding, while PRO patent ownership is not. We recommend a reversal of the current decline of PRO R&D expenditure and discuss whether PROs perform better at macroeconomic level vis a vis universities. ; Azagra Caro, JM. (2014). Determinants of national patent ownership by public research organisations and universities. Journal of Technology Transfer. 39(6):898-914. doi:10.1007/s10961-013-9322-y ; S ; 898 ; 914 ; 39 ; 6 ; Acosta, D., Coronado, D., León, M. D., & Martínez, M. (2008). Production of university technological knowledge in European regions: Evidence from patent data. Regional Studies, 43(9), 1167–1181. ; Acosta, D., Coronado, D., & Martínez, M. (2012). Spatial differences in the quality of university patenting: Do regions matter? Research Policy, 41(9), 692–703. ; Ankrah, S. N., Burgess, T. F., Grimshaw, P., & Shaw, N. E. (2013). Asking both university and industry actors about their engagement in knowledge transfer: What single-group studies of motives omit. Technovation, 33, 50–65. ; Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58, 277–297. ; Arvanitis, S., Kubli, U., & Woerter, M. (2008). University-industry knowledge and technology transfer in Switzerland: What university scientists think about co-operation with private enterprises. Research Policy, 37, 1865–1883. ; Azagra Caro, J. M., Fernández de Lucio, I., & Gutiérrez Gracia, A. (2003). University ...

[EN] This paper analyses country-specific determinants of knowledge flows with a view to uncover the role of cross-organizational interactions. Using a sample of some 600,000 patents from the EU27 member states in the period 1990-2007, we take backward citations as dependent variable and find that technological sophistication and research size have a positive effect on knowledge flows. While a national bias towards applied research and development has a negative impact, individual public-private cooperation has a moderating effect due to the generation of scientific knowledge by public institutions. The present study contributes to the debate concerning the direction of R&D investments and provides empirical support to policies aimed at the enhancement of public-private cooperation. ; Marina Ranga participated in the brainstorming that led to this paper and the thorough revision of an earlier version. Catalina Martinez provided us with data to update the database. Both reviewed a previous version of the manuscript. Anabel Fernandez-Mesa, Alberto Marzucchi and Francesco Rentocchini helped with the econometric estimations. Richard Woolley shared insights on the structural composition of research expenditure. Elena M. Tur and Francois Perruchas offered technical assistance. The research was carried out with funding from project GV/2012/018 of the Valencian Regional Government. Previous versions of the paper were presented at the 2013 Eu-SPRI Forum Conference, the 2013 ISSI Conference and the 2013 IPTS Workshop on 'Harnessing the Powers of Patent Data'. The authors acknowledge helpful comments from the audiences, especially Jorge Niosi and Julio Raffo. Joaquin M. Azagra-Caro is grateful to Rene van Bavel and Xabier Goenaga for their institutional support, and to the international consortium that produced the database, especially Henry Etzkowitz, Marina Ranga and members of Incentim and CWTS, led, respectively, by Bart Van Looy and Robert J.W. Tijssen. ; Azagra Caro, JM.; Consoli, D. (2016). Knowledge flows, the ...

Increasing university-industry interaction (UII) and university contribution to the local economy are compatibleconventional wisdom would say. However, similar to other university activities, interaction with industry may be limited due to a lack of absorptive capacity in local firms. The data of those participating in the European Union's (EU's) Sixth R&D Framework Programme (FP6) were used to obtain values for the number and, notably, the budgets of UII projects at the regional level for the EU27. Two types of interactions were considered: inside and outside the region. Our analysis indicates that universities from regions whose firms have low absorptive capacity participate more often in FP6 projects with firms outside the region. Our results highlight the value of policies that facilitate firm R&D to enhance collaboration with regional universities. ; Azagra Caro, JM.; Pontikakis, D.; Varga, A. (2013). Delocalisation patterns in University-Industry interaction: Evidence from the 6th R&D Framework Programme. European Planning Studies. 21(10):1676-1701. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.722949 ; S ; 1676 ; 1701 ; 21 ; 10

Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. and Coronado D. Access to universities' public knowledge: who is more regionalist?, Regional Studies. This paper tracks university-to-firm patent citations rather than the more usual patent-to-patent or paper-to-patent citations. It explains regional and non-regional citations as a function of firms' absorptive capacity and universities' production capacity in the region rather than explaining citations as a function of distance between citing and cited regions. Using a dataset of European Union regions for the years 1997-2007, it is found that fostering university research and development (R&D) capacity increases the attractiveness of the local university's knowledge base to firms in the region, but also reduces wider searches for university knowledge. Increasing the absorptive capacity of local business encourages firms to access university knowledge from outside the region. ; This research was extended with funding from Project 2091 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Project number 201010I004 of the CSIC and by the Junta de Andalucia [project number P08-SEJ-03981]. ; Acosta, M.; Azagra Caro, JM.; Coronado, D. (2016). Access to Universities' Public Knowledge: Who is More Regionalist?. Regional Studies. 50(3):446-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.923094 ; S ; 446 ; 459 ; 50 ; 3

446 459 50 3 ; S ; Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. and Coronado D. Access to universities' public knowledge: who is more regionalist?, Regional Studies. This paper tracks university-to-firm patent citations rather than the more usual patent-to-patent or paper-to-patent citations. It explains regional and non-regional citations as a function of firms' absorptive capacity and universities' production capacity in the region rather than explaining citations as a function of distance between citing and cited regions. Using a dataset of European Union regions for the years 1997-2007, it is found that fostering university research and development (R&D) capacity increases the attractiveness of the local university's knowledge base to firms in the region, but also reduces wider searches for university knowledge. Increasing the absorptive capacity of local business encourages firms to access university knowledge from outside the region. This research was extended with funding from Project 2091 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Project number 201010I004 of the CSIC and by the Junta de Andalucia [project number P08-SEJ-03981]. Acosta, M.; Azagra Caro, JM.; Coronado, D. (2016). Access to Universities' Public Knowledge: Who is More Regionalist?. Regional Studies. 50(3):446-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.923094

In this article we develop a model of individual choice to study the determinants of faculty members allocation of effort between interactive and non interactive activities. This model is tested by using censored and discrete choice econometric models to estimate optimum effort allocated to interactive activities and real interaction. We conclude, first, that individual responds to non-monetary rather than monetary incentives and to the difficulty of producing non-interactive rather than interactive knowledge. Second, we detect the possible existence of rationing, since optimum effort and real interaction depend on different variables.