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Hume distinguishes between the self of thought and imagination and the self
of the passions. He is criticized for contradicting himself as he allegedly
attributes fictitiousness to the self in book one of the Treatise but later
reintroduces the self in books two and three. Hume?s account of the idea of
the self, however, is not contradictory: he shows the impossibility of a
pure associationist-empiricist account of the self. Instead, he proposes a
social account of the constitution of the idea of the self and
consciousness. In doing so, Hume?s account of the self anticipates
social-historical theories of the self.

Fear, of which the fear of death is a variation, can be analysed in its relation to forms of societies. Pertaining to Marx's concept of 'surplus-population' and his analysis of the capitalist law of population, it is argued that the main source of anxiety and fear in capitalist society is the fear of life, which is expressed in the form of fear of the dead and of monsters. Capital posits the identity of every human individual through its law of population. What humans fear the most is the life that they live, which turns them into walking dead. Human's fear of life is twofold: on the one hand, she fears from being posited a zombie, a piece within the pile of human trash, that is, the surplus-population; on the other hand, she is scared of the dead, capital the spectre, which vampire-like sucks upon living labour.