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The Origins of the Communist Rule in Eastern Europe: A Brief History
In: Journal of International Studies
ISSN: 2289-666X
The history of communist rule is long and varied. Communism as a ruling system emphasizes on economy and balanced distribution of wealth and ownership of property among all the people. This system originated from the ideology of Karl Marx in 1845. Communist system in Eastern Europe was fostered by Soviet Union after the fall of Nazism at the end of World War II. This paper focuses on how the Eastern European states fell under the influence of Communist after World War II. It discusses how salami tactics were used by Soviet Union as one the methods to establish communist government in Eastern Europe. It also shows that Soviet Union's position as a super power in Eastern Europe enabled her to spread communist ideology in the region.
HYDROLOGICAL LEGACIES OF COLONIALISM: EXAMINING WATER SYSTEMS IN PERLIS, MALAYA (1909–1950)
In: Journal of International Studies, Band 19, Heft 2, S. 215-243
ISSN: 2289-666X
This study focused on water management and control in Malaya, particularly the establishment of a 'colonial hydrology' in Perlisfrom 1909 to 1950. The study analysed water policies, management techniques, and the social and economic aspects of the localpopulation and the global market, using archival data. This study has also highlighted the intersection between natural resources, political power, and global economic trends from an international studies perspective. The control over water resources allowed the British colonial government to strengthen its position in the global market, but this resulted in adverse effects on the environment and social justice, especially for the local population. The study has argued that sustainable and equitable approaches to resource management are needed to promote sustainable development and combat global environmental challenges. The findings of this research can inform policymakers about the importance of incorporating environmental and social justice considerations in policymaking, especially with regard to natural resource management. Overall, this study adds valuable insights to the field of international studies by highlighting how the exploitation of natural resources can have far-reaching effects, both locally and globally, thereby emphasising the need for interdisciplinary and inclusive approaches to addressing resource management issues.
PELARIAN VIETNAM : SATU ISU GLOBAL DALAM SEJARAH HUBUNGAN LUAR MALAYSIA[VIETNAMESE REFUGEES : A GLOBAL ISSUE IN THE HISTORY OF MALAYSIA FOREIGN AFFAIRS]
This paper aims to provide insights into the issue related to Vietnamese refugees in Malaysia which became a global issue from 1975 to 1991. The study addresses major factors that contribute to the problem, and diplomatic relation between Malaysia and Vietnam that influences Malaysian government to assist in resolving the issue of Vietnamese refugees. Data were generated through the analysis of documents obtained from primer sources including reports from United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), official records from Malaysian government such as Official Statement of Parliament, and Report of Bidong Island Submission Ceremony to Terengganu Government as well as secondary sources (i.e. scholars' studies on Vietnam). The findings suggest that the Vietnamese refugees issue occurred due to domestic factors that prompt the Vietnamese to flee to neighbouring countries in the region. In particular, political, economy and social factors are inter-related in disrupting the stability and peace of the country. The presence of refugees in Malaysia is a serious matter as it challenges sovereignty and national security of Malaysia.Keywords: refugees, Vietnam, Malaysia, global issue, factor, history.Cite as: Baharuddin, S.A & Mat Enh, A. (2018). Pelarian Vietnam: Satu isu global dalam sejarah hubungan luar Malaysia [Vietnamese refugees: A global issue in the history of Malaysia foreign affairs]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss1pp1-18 AbstrakKertas kerja ini bermatlamat memahami isu pelarian Vietnam yang pernah melanda Malaysia dan menjadi isu global bermula dari tahun 1975 hingga 1991. Tumpuan utama penganalisaan dan penelitian diberikan terhadap faktor yang membawa kepada berlakunya masalah pelarian Vietnam serta hubungan yang terjalin antara Malaysia dan Vietnam sehingga mendorong Malaysia membantu menyelesaikan masalah pelarian Vietnam. Bagi menghuraikan persoalan ini, pendekatan analisis digunakan dengan merujuk kepada sumber primer iaitu laporan daripada United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), rekod-rekod rasmi Malaysia seperti Penyata Rasmi Parlimen dan Laporan Majlis Penyerahan Balik Pulau Bidong kepada Kerajaan Terengganu selain sumber sekunder iaitu kajian para sarjana mengenai negara Vietnam. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa isu pelarian Vietnam berlaku disebabkan oleh faktor dalam negara itu sendiri yang mempengaruhi rakyat untuk lari ke negara jirannya di rantau ini. Faktor politik, ekonomi dan sosial saling berkait antara satu sama lain yang mengganggu kestabilan dan keamanan di negara itu. Sehubungan itu, kehadiran pelarian di Malaysia adalah isu yang serius kerana ia menyumbang kepada masalah kedaulatan dan keselamatan Malaysia.Kata kunci : Pelarian, Vietnam, Malaysia, isu global, faktor, sejarah.
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The Reasons and Influence of the Establishment of One Port Trade System in Guangzhou during Qing Dynasty
In: e-BANGI: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Band 21, Heft 1
ISSN: 1823-884X
Guangzhou is located in the southern part of China, near the South China Sea, belongs to Guangdong Province. It serves as China's southern gateway to the world and was historically called "The Southern Treasure of the Emperor", playing a crucial role in China's maritime trade history. Throughout Chinese history, Guangzhou underwent several cycles of "closure" and "opening", policies that severely impacted trade. However, foreign merchants never ceased to request permission from the Chinese government to engage in trade. In 1757, Emperor Qianlong decreed Guangzhou as the only one official port for foreign trade. This edict led to the establishment of the one port trading system in Guangzhou, as the Qing government aimed to counter foreign influences and local uprisings while maintaining a self-sufficient small-scale agricultural economy. Western nations and their traders sought opportunities within this system, aspiring to expand trade to other regions of China, even the inland areas. The exclusive status of Guangzhou as China's only one trading port persisted until 1842, following the defeat of the Qing government in the Opium War against Britain, the Nanjing Treaty was signed. This treaty opened Guangzhou, Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, and Xiamen as trading ports, bringing an end to the one port trading system. The reasons and impacts of the establishment of this system have not been comprehensively analyzed to date. Therefore, this paper based on historical archives, analyzes both the direct and underlying reasons behind Emperor Qianlong's decision and elucidates the system's diverse impacts on various aspects of Qing-era China.
From traditional remedies to mental hospital: the evolution of mental illness treatment among women labourers in the straits settlements, 1900-1930
In: Labor history, S. 1-17
ISSN: 1469-9702
Pembinaan Negara-Bangsa di Malaysia: Sorotan dari Segi Sejarah dan Cabarannya
In: e-BANGI: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Band 21, Heft 1
ISSN: 1823-884X
Negara-bangsa ialah sebuah negara berdaulat yang mempunyai penduduk dengan kesedaran bahawa terdapat persamaan dalam kalangan mereka. Persamaan tersebut dapat dilihat dari segi tradisi lama, adat dan bahasa yang dikongsi bersama-sama dalam kalangan mereka yang tinggal di dalam sebuah wilayah negara-bangsa. Dari sudut kewujudannya, sesebuah negara-bangsa merupakan entiti yang bebas daripada konsep dunia empayar. Di Malaysia, konsep asas pembinaan sebuah negara-bangsa telah wujud sejak zaman pemerintahan raja Melayu, manakala sistem pentadbiran ketika zaman penjajahan British pula telah memperkenalkan Tanah Melayu kepada konsep negara-bangsa moden. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan menyoroti sejarah perjalanan pembinaan negara-bangsa malaysia yang merdeka dan cabaran-cabaran yang dihadapi negara dalam usaha mencapai tujuan tersebut. Makalah yang dihasilkan adalah berbentuk kajian kualitatif sejarah dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen. Disamping itu, kaedah penulisan dan analisis Sains Sosial juga digunakan bagi menghasilkan analisis penulisan yang lebih luas. Hasil dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa proses pembinaan negara-bangsa di Malaysia merupakan sebuah proses yang berterusan atau ongoing process. Proses tersebut mula terbentuk melalui konsep tradisional negara-bangsa yang wujud sebelum zaman penjajahan British lagi dan seterusnya proses tersebut berkembang ketika zaman penjajahan dan terus berkembang setelah mencapai kemerdekaan mengikut perkembangan Tanah Melayu yang berfungsi sebagai sebuah negara-bangsa. Hingga pada era pasca-merdeka, dasar-dasar yang cuba diketengahkan oleh pihak pemerintah terus memperkasakan konsep negara-bangsa bagi membentuk bangsa idaman dan negara cita yang menjadi menjadi objektif semua negara yang merdeka. Makalah ini diharapkan dapat memberi gambaran terhadap perjalanan sejarah dan cabaran yang dihadapi oleh negara dalam usaha membentuk sebuah negara-bangsa idaman.
PERSEPSI PETANI KOKO TERHADAP PERANAN PEGAWAI PERTANIAN DALAM INOVASI PERTANIAN DI SABAH
In: e-BANGI: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Band 20, Heft 4
ISSN: 1823-884X
Kelestarian pertanian merupakan strategi Lembaga Koko Malaysia (LKM) bagi membantu petani koko ke arah membasmi kemiskinan melalui peningkatan produktiviti komoditi. Strategi ini signifikan kepada petani berusia yang berhadapan dengan isu penurunan kualiti dan kuantiti biji koko. Kelestarian pertanian petani koko memerlukan penglibatan agensi pertanian melalui peranan pegawai pertanian untuk membawa inovasi pertanian. Sehubungan itu, kajian bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti persepsi petani terhadap peranan pegawai pertanian dalam membawa inovasi pertanian di Sabah. Kajian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan penyelidikan tinjauan dilaksanakan ke atas 195 orang petani. Borang soal selidik digunakan sebagai alat pengumpulan data. Taburan responden yang dibanci merangkumi daerah Pulau Sebatik, Tawau, Semporna, Kunak, Lahad Datu, Sandakan dan Kinabatangan. Landasan teori adalah berdasarkan Teori Peranan Ejen Perubahan yang diolah dalam konteks peranan pegawai pertanian untuk menginovasi pertanian. Hasil kajian tentang tahap peranan ejen perubahan menurut persepsi petani adalah tinggi dan didominasi oleh peranan sebagai pemangkin perubahan. Diikuti, dengan peranan pegawai pertanian sebagai penyelesai masalah, pembantu proses dan penghubung sumber. Penemuan kajian memberi implikasi kepada pengkayaan ilmu melalui tumpuan isu pembangunan pertanian luar bandar. Dapatan kajian memberi kefahaman baharu kepada teori yang menjelaskan keperluan peranan pegawai pertanian sebagai perantara LKM untuk menginovasi pertanian. Ini bertepatan dengan usaha LKM bagi melestari industri koko negara.