Suchergebnisse

Based on fieldwork material among the WaChagga from Kilimanjaro, Northeastern Tanzania, this paper argues that women's grass-roots organizations serve the purpose of legitimizing economic activities which are at the borderline of acceptable female behaviour within a patriarchal society. In order to retain respectabilty and gain prestige and power within the local community and wider society, women try to manoeuvre prevailing discourses on femaleness in present-day Tanzania. Hence, WaChagga women use the forum of women's groups to signal modernity and development-mindedness at the same time as they retain an image of being good Christian mothers and housewives according to Chagga norms. Therefore, policies towards women's income generating groups should apply a perspective which enables an analysis of women's economic activities within the socio-cultural and political environment that women act within. (DÜI-Hff)

This paper focuses on Kipsigis women's formal and informal organizations and networks as a means of transgressing gender ideologies restricting women to the household and to the private, 'domestic' sphere. In the paper it is demonstrated how Kipsigis women manage to legitimatize extra-domestic activities within the 'public' sphere otherwise classified as male domain by manipulating and manouevring between different complexes of ideas directly or indirectly supporting women's needs and interests. One such complex contains customary ideas related to the house property system and another relates to modern ideas about 'development'. The paper shows that opposing or incongruent ideologies of gender create a space for women to negotiate customary perceptions of what women and men can and ought to do. (DÜI-Hff)

In this paper the author explores why Kipsigis women today appear as strong and determined despite the fact that colonization and commoditization have led to an increase in their structural subordination. She demonstrates that despite their increased subordination, Kipsigis manage to gain control over resources and to influence decision-making within the household by referring to their customary rights as wives and heads of 'houses'. Thus, women's 'bargaining-power' is shown to rest on ideas related to women's status and rights within the house property system prevalent in pre-colonial Kipsigis society. (DÜI-Hff)

Darstellung der Situation der Frau in der Entwicklungsplanung. Kritische Analyse der Entwicklungsprogramme zur Integration der Frau in den Entwicklungsprozeß anhand des seit 1973 bestehenden "Animation Feminine Programme" in Niger

Ursachen für die Produktivitätsunterschiede in der kleinbäuerlichen cash-crop-Produktion von Tee in Kenia waren schon Gegenstand etlicher wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen. Die Autorinnen wenden sich in ihrer Studie jedoch erstmals dem unterschiedlichen Einfluß der Geschlechter auf den Produktionsprozeß zu und finden hierin eine Hauptursache für den unterschiedlichen Erfolg des Teeanbaus. Tee als ein höchst arbeitsintensives Produkt konkurriert in der täglichen Bearbeitung mit den anderen Produkten für die Ernährungssicherung. In Familien, in denen allein die Frau sowohl für die Ernährung der Familie als auch für den Anbau des cash crops zu sorgen hat, wird phasenweise die Bearbeitung der Teepflanzen vernachlässigt, um die Erträge der food crops zu sichern. (DÜI-Spl)

In this article, the authors demonstrate the close interrelation of gender with development problems in contract farming among tea-producing smallholders in Kericho, Kenya. They suggest that the introduction of contract farming has excerbated tensions in gender relations, which in turn have had a severe impact on the operation of tea outgrower schemes. The central argument is that gender inequalities may act as a serious constraint to production

For this study the authors chose outgrower schemes for smallholder tea production in the Kenyan highlands organized by the Kenya Tea Development Authority (KTDA). These schemes are held to be some of the most successful examples of promoting smallholder agriculture and they are seen as test cases for agricultural development. The report is divided into two sections. In the first section the authors analyse farming systems on the basis of baseline data which were collected in the questionnaire survey. In the second section the authors focus on gender relations and their interaction with outgrower schemes and agrarian change. It is shown that women play an essential role in the production of both food and cash crops, while at the same time taking most of the responsibility for the welfare of the family

Focusing on special credit schemes for women in Tanzania this paper explores the relationship between policy making and practice in development aid. Through a detailed study of the ILO RYTEP credit scheme for rural women and youth in Kilimanjaro, Northeastern Tanzania, it raises the question whether present models of credit schemes represent a viable strategy for empowerment of women. By examining in detail the implementation strategy of the ILO scheme the analysis points to features of current soft loans credit schemes which correspond very badly to policies of empowerment and which reflect a critical disparity between policy making and practice. These features are a top-down implementation approach, too little emphasis on participatory processes, too little weight on business training, predominant attitudes to women among implementers, and neglect of the legal aspects in soft loans. (DÜI-Hff)