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The Universal Relationships by Giovanni Botero (1544-1617) is one of the masterpieces of the global historiography and one of the first examples of Global History, not only from a geographical point of view, but also in a political perspective. The former Italian Jesuit Botero -author of the Reason of State (1589), one of the fundamental concepts of the political European modern thinking- published the Relazioni universali for the first time in 1591, but he upgraded the text until 1611. Translated in many languages, it is a multifocal text, able to underline also anthropological and social themes. Its recent riedition permits to consider how it has been important in the riorganization of the political analysis of the Baroque age. The article aims to stress the particular glance that Botero gave to the New World -in particular about the current Argentina- maintening his filo-hispanic and imperialistic point of view, but also comprehending the changes of the Latin-American political space. Thanks to this fluctuation between preservation and renovation, the Relazioni universali appear like a classic to rediscover. ; Las Relaciones universales de Giovanni Botero (1544-1617) aparecen mas que nunca un caposaldo de la historiografía global, uno de los primeros ejemplos de lectura del mundo desde un punto de vista no solo geográfico, ni tampoco solo político. El ex jesuita italiano - autor de la Razón de Estado (1589), uno de los concectos cardinales del pensamiento europeo moderno – realizό un tratado (escríto y publicado por la primera vez en 1591, pero ajornado hasta el 1611 y traducido en muchas lenguas) multifocal, sensible también a los temas antropologicos y sociales. Olvidado para siglos, su nueva edicciόn nos permite de evaluar el peso que tuvo en la reorganizaciόn de la análisis politica en la época barroca. La ponencia mira a poner en luz la mirada boteriana sobre el Nuevo Mundo (y sobre la actuál Argentina) en una perspectiva al mismo tiempo filo-española y imperial y todavía expresiόn de un espacio político en transformaciόn. Sobre todo en esta oscilaciόn es posible coger el nexo entre conservaciόn y renovaciόn que, entonces como hoy, pone las Relaciones y su autor entre los clásicos europeos.

The paper aims to highlight the principal topics of Giovanni Botero's speech Dell'uffizio del cardinale (1599), the first part of it being dedicated to show what cardinals could do to improve Catholicism in the Reformation world, and the second one, known as Discorso intorno allo Stato della Chiesa, is based on the analysis of the papacy as an independent state: a state that was regional but with universal pretensions.

Prince Maurizio of Savoy (1593-1657) was the sixth son of Charles Emmanuel I duke of Savoy and of the Infanta Catalina Micaela of Habsburgs. Since he was a kid, his father decided him to become a cardenal, to have a member of the family directly linked to the Papacy and to increase the dinastic power of Savoy and its image in Rome too. So the young Maurizio started to follow the paternal politics very soon, supporting the duke and the brothers Victor Amadeus and Thomas during the first war of Monferrato and playing the role of confident of their sisters and the French ambassadors in Turin. His diplomatic career continued in Paris, where he negociated the wedding between Victor Amadeus and the sister of Louis XII Cristina of Bourbon (1619), and in Rome, where he became famous as a maecenas too. Nevertheless, as he was educated in the Spanish style, his attitude was not only francophile, but also very favorable to the Catholic monarchy. Through the examination of his large correspondence, this paper aims to stress the changing positions of Maurizio during his life, with particular attention to his baroque ability in mainteining good relationships with Paris and Madrid. A demonstration that, considering the influence of Rome too, a multiplex loyalty was possible. ; El Príncipe Mauricio de Saboya (1593-1657) fue el sexto hijo de Carlos Emmnauel I duque de Saboya y de la Infanta Catalina Micaela de Austria. Desde que fuera un niño, su padre decidió que se convertiría en cardenal, para tener un miembro de la familia directamente ligado al Papado y aumentar el poder dinástico de Saboya y su posición en Roma. Así, el joven Mauricio comenzó a seguir las políticas paternas muy pronto, apoyando al duque y a sus hermanos Víctor Amadeo y Tomás durante la primera guerra del Monferrato y jugando el papel de confidente de sus hermanas y de los embajadores franceses en Turín. Su carrera diplomática continuó en París, donde negoció la boda de Víctor Amadeo y la hija de Luis XII Cristina de Borbón (1619), y en Roma, donde alcanzó también la fama como mecenas. Sin embargo, al ser educado al estilo español, su actitud no sólo fue francófila, sino también muy favorable a la Monarquía Católica. A través del estudio de su prolija correspondencia, este artículo pretende subrayar las cambiantes posiciones de Mauricio a lo largo de su vida, con particular atención a su barroca habilidad para mantener buenas relaciones con París y Madrid. Una demostración ésta, considerando también la influencia de Roma, de que una múltiple lealtad era posible.

The article focuses on the lively contemporary Italian historiography on boundaries, and presents a series of volumes published by the editor FrancoAngeli in Milan. These volumes constitute a collection of essays edited by different specialized scholars, and represent the result of the research project 'Boundaries: classes, territories and cultures in early modern Italy' which has been financed by the Ministry of University (2003-2007). Through different and multidisciplinary approaches, the border has been studied in all its geo-political, religious, military, economic and social aspects. Most of the essays concern Northern Italy, in particular the Alpine boundary and the so called "inner boundaries" (enclaves, separate jurisdictions…), but maritime borders are considered as well. A section of this paper provides insight into the duchy of Savoy with its complex borders, which had been apprehended over the long run. The last section deals with the border relationships between the State of Savoy and the princedom of Monaco: a case story that, thanks to the rich existing documentation, could be studied by a team of international scholars. ; Cet article traite de l'historiographie italienne la plus récente sur les frontières et présente une série de volumes publiés sur ce thème par l'éditeur FrancoAngeli de Milan. Ces volumes constituent une collection de contributions recueillies à l'initiative de plusieurs spécialistes de cette question. C'est le fruit d'un programme commun de recherche intitulé « Frontières : états, territoires et cultures dans l'Italie moderne », financé par le Ministère de l'Université de 2003 à 2007. A travers des approches multidisciplinaires variées, la frontière y est étudiée dans ses implications géopolitiques, religieuses, militaires, économiques et sociales. La plupart des contributions étudie l'Italie du Nord, donc les frontières des Alpes et les frontières dites « intérieures » (enclaves, juridictions autonomes, etc.), mais les frontières maritimes sont également présentes.La dernière partie de l'article développe deux cas : le premier est celui de l'état de Savoie, qui avec ses frontières complexes, représente un cas intéressant, étudié sur la longue durée. Le second est celui des relations de frontière entre l'état de Savoie et la principauté de Monaco : il s'agit d'un cas qui, grâce à la richesse de la documentation existante, pourrait faire l'objet d'une étude internationale.

The issue of boundary is now very relevant in historiography. The case of the limit between France and Piedmont in the early modern age sheds light on phenomena of osmosis and permeation among close territories, but also on the progressive stiffening of the national boundary along the Alps. The exempla of Nice and its county, of the marquisate of Saluzzo, of the valleys around Barcelonette which the two States exchanged after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) make it possible to observe the complex social, economic, religious and political interactions among the inhabitants. They also suggest the importance of a long-period analysis, which might be useful to understand the annexation of Nice and Savoy to France in 1859 too. ; Le problème de la frontière est au cœur d'un vif débat historiographique. Le cas de la limite entre la France et le Piémont à l'époque moderne permet d'éclairer les phénomènes d'osmose et de compénétration entre des territoires contigus, mais aussi l'affermissement progressif d'une frontière de matrice nationale longeant les crêtes des Alpes. Les exemples du comté de Nice, du marquisat de Saluces et des vallées proches de Barcelonnette, échangés entre les deux états au Traité d'Utrecht (1713) permettent d'observer de plus près la complexité de l'interaction sociale, économique, religieuse et politique entre les habitants des deux zones intéressées. Ils suggèrent en outre la possibilité d'une analyse sur une période longue, qui peut servir aussi à comprendre l'annexion de Nice et de la Savoie à la France (1860).

In the modern age, cities as Nice and Villefranche are fundamentally important for Savoy dukes because their offseted situation and proximity to France. More, their seaside situation warranted trading exchanges of Savoy's dynasty. Governor's correspondence sent into these cities by sovereigns, during XVIth and XVIIth centuries, allows us to study connections between peripheral city and court, to provide enumerated informations on military traffics, cities's requirements and to feel the situation's pulse. ; A l'époque moderne, les villes de Nice et de Villefranche sont d'une importance fondamentale pour les ducs de Savoie de par leur situation excentrée et de frontière avec la France et leur situation maritime qui garantissait les échanges commerciaux de la maison de Savoie. La correspondance des gouverneurs envoyés dans ces villes par les souverains piémontais aux XVI° et XVII°siècles, permet d'étudier les rapports entre la ville périphérique et la cour, de fournir des informations détaillées sur les mouvements militaires, les exigences des villes et de prendre le pouls de la situation.

This essay focuses on the siege of Saint-Omer, an episode of the Thirty Years War, as seen through the eyes of several contemporaries. The first part, written by Blythe Alice Raviola, is dedicated to Emanuele Tesauro's Sant'Omero assediato (1639). Tesauro followed prince Thomas of Savoy as court historiographer during his Flemish campaign; therefore this book should be read within the political and diplomatic context of the Savoy court. Sant'Omero assediato is considered not only as an account of the military operations, but also as a plaidoyer for Thomas' political and military activity. The second part of the article, by Luca Bianco, establishes several connections with art historical aspects of the siege and of Tesauro's mission. Bianco examines the subsequent frontispieces of his book and Tesauro's possible knowledge of Karel Van Mander's Le livre des Peintres. The final part of the article sheds light on two little-known visual representations of the siege: an artfully drawn map by Pieter Snayers and an etching by Stefano Della Bella. Whereas the first is probably produced for military purposes, Bianco proposes Tuscan Ottavio Piccolomini, Thomas' fellow condottiero and a noteworthy collector, as the hypothetic commissioner of Della Bella's etching, which could be considered as a visual counterpart to Tesauro's literary account.