Suchergebnisse

Along Peru's rainforest rivers, rising flood extremes are increasingly exceeding coping capacities of vulnerable households. Peru 14 has detailed legislation that embraces planned relocation as a strategic solution to such situations and various relocation projects 15 are underway across the country. This research brief analyzes well-being consequences for two communities requesting reloca- 16 tion, using qualitative data collected from experts and 30 affected people. Initial results emphasize that weak governance, 17 poverty, third-party involvement, and community action have influenced relocation outcomes. Delays and fragmented imple- 18 mentation have threatened people's well-being. One community, waiting for land to relocate since 2015, has suffered from 19 continued hazard exposure, deteriorated material conditions, and reduced subjective well-being. The second community 20 achieved relocation only after a decade in detrimental limbo. Although livelihood challenges persist, its inhabitants now benefit 21 from better market access and decreased exposure, leading to higher subjective well-being. With rising needs for relocation 22 worldwide, the cases highlight that detailed legislation is not sufficient to safeguard people's well-being. Advancing from well- 23 meant legislation to good practice requires adequate institutional capacity, effectivemechanisms for oversight and accountability, 24 better engagement of third parties, and dedicated efforts to strengthen community agency

Medical device regulations are dynamic, as they need to cover an ever changing landscape. In Europe this has led to a new set of regulations (both for Medical Devices and In Vitro Diagnostics), which replaced the old rules. This study is interested in how the complexity of these medical regulations changed over time and if additional time-based metrics can be associated with any of the complexity metrics. Complexity is defined in terms of readability of the text and it is computed using established linguistic measures, as well as Halstead complexity scores. It was shown that the regulatory complexity of new EU medical device regulations was higher than their predecessors, especially when Halstead complexity measures were considered. The complexity metrics obtained for the new regulations were subsequently associated with the time it took to consider these regulations. Only very weak Pearson's correlation coefficients were found between the complexity scores and the obtained response times for the new regulations. This could indicate that there are issues with how complexity is perceived by those that need to apply these regulations. Taking the complexity of regulations into account can greatly help with the development of more user friendly regulations. The results from the data-driven methods that are applied in this research indicate that governments could benefit from focusing on making regulations more accessible and utilitarian. This would improve the stakeholder adherence and facilitate effective implementation. This work also highlighted the need to develop more suitable methods to analyse regulatory text to further inform the wider research community.

This article introduces a novel approach to digitize legislation using rule based-decision trees (RBDTs). As regulation is one of the major barriers to innovation, novel methods for helping stakeholders better understand, and conform to, legislation are becoming increasingly important. Newly introduced medical device regulation has resulted in an increased complexity of regulatory strategy for manufacturers, and the pressure on notified body resources to support this process is making this an increasing concern in industry. This paper explores a real-world classification problem that arises for medical device manufacturers when they want to be certified according to the In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR). A modification to an existing RBDT algorithm is introduced (RBDT-1C) and a case study demonstrates how this method can be applied. The RBDT-1C algorithm is used to design a decision tree to classify IVD devices according to their risk-based classes: Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D. The applied RBDT-1C algorithm demonstrated accurate classification in-line with published ground-truth data. This approach should enable users to better understand the legislation, has informed policy makers about potential areas for future guidance, and allowed for the identification of errors in the regulations that have already been recognized and amended by the European Commission.

The discourse on climate change and migration has shifted from labelling migration merely as a consequence of climate impacts, to describing it as a form of human adaptation. This article explores the adaptation framing of the climate change and migration nexus and highlights its shortcomings and advantages. While for some groups, under certain circumstances migration can be an effective form of adaptation, for others it leads to increased vulnerabilities and a poverty spiral, reducing their adaptive capacities. Non-economic losses connected to a change of place further challenge the notion of successful adaptation. Even when migration improves the situation of a household, it may conceal the lack of action on climate change adaptation from national governments or the international community. Given the growing body of evidence on the diverse circumstances and outcomes of migration in the context of climate change, we distinguish between reactive and proactive migration and argue for a precise differentiation in the academic debate.

The discourse on climate change and migration has shifted from labelling migration merely as a consequence of climate impacts, to describing it as a form of human adaptation. This article explores the adaptation framing of the climate change and migration nexus and highlights its shortcomings and advantages. While for some groups, under certain circumstances migration can be an effective form of adaptation, for others it leads to increased vulnerabilities and a poverty spiral, reducing their adaptive capacities. Non-economic losses connected to a change of place further challenge the notion of successful adaptation. Even when migration improves the situation of a household, it may conceal the lack of action on climate change adaptation from national governments or the international community. Given the growing body of evidence on the diverse circumstances and outcomes of migration in the context of climate change, we distinguish between reactive and proactive migration and argue for a precise differentiation in the academic debate.

The discourse on climate change and migration has shifted from labelling migration merely as a consequence of climate impacts, to describing it as a form of human adaptation. This article explores the adaptation framing of the climate change and migration nexus and highlights its shortcomings and advantages. While for some groups, under certain circumstances migration can be an effective form of adaptation, for others it leads to increased vulnerabilities and a poverty spiral, reducing their adaptive capacities. Non-economic losses connected to a change of place further challenge the notion of successful adaptation. Even when migration improves the situation of a household, it may conceal the lack of action on climate change adaptation from national governments or the international community. Given the growing body of evidence on the diverse circumstances and outcomes of migration in the context of climate change, we distinguish between reactive and proactive migration and argue for a precise differentiation in the academic debate.