Enrico Bottini (Stradella, Pavia, 7 settembre 1835 – Porto Maurizio, Sanremo, 11 marzo 1903) è stato un chirurgo poliedrico, che ha lasciato una forte impronta nella chirurgia moderna, non solo italiana, ma mondiale. Allievo di Porta e di Ribeti, nonché dell'insigne chirurgo e anatomista francese Charles-Marie-Édouard Chassaignac, si è dedicato nel corso della sua carriera a diversi ambiti della medicina, spaziando dalla batteriologia e dall'anti-sepsi (utilizzo di un derivato dell'acido fenico), alla chirurgia urologica (la cosiddetta "galvano-cauterizzazione endo-uretrale", detta anche operazione di Bottini, o incisione perineale secondo Bottini). Si è anche dedicato con successo alla ginecologia (isterectomia trans-vaginale per cancro dell'utero e trattamento chirurgico delle fistole vescico-vaginali), alla chirurgia maxillo- facciale (interventi di resezione endo-orale del mascellare, di resezione sottoperiostea della mandibola, per la cura del serramento stabile della mandibola, amputazione totale della laringe e della lingua per carcinomi), alla dermochirurgia (utilizzo dell'elettrocauterio) e alla chirurgia vascolare (resezione della vena cava inferiore). È stato anche un importante politico italiano, prima come deputato e poi come senatore.
Preface -- The world ageing context -- What is retirement? An overview of the extant literature -- Retirement and depression, self-esteem, and cognitive decline: is there a scientific evidence supporting these links? Insights from epidemiological studies -- L3-learning (life-long, life-wide and life-deep learning) as a bridge between pre-retirement working period and retirement -- Annex -- Conclusion -- About the authors -- Index
In Italy, the National Vaccinal Prevention Plan has renewed the commitment of the Italian government to promote a culture of vaccination practices in the general population and especially among healthcare professionals, considering it as a strategic goal. The search for useful tools and techniques to promote a layered and widespread information network capable of restoring a climate of trust and confidence towards vaccination, leads us to reflect on the possibility, already adopted in numerous countries, of enlisting community pharmacies in immunization campaigns also in Italy, positively implementing the professional role of the community pharmacist in immunization. The pharmacist is often the first point of contact with both the patients and the public, both for the relationship of trust and confidence that binds him to the citizens, and for the ease of access in relation to the widespread distribution of community pharmacies in the territory, the availability of prolonged operating hours, the absence of need for appointments and positions near/outside of healthcare facilities. Currently, in Italy the role of the community pharmacist is limited to counseling and providing advice and information regarding the benefits and/or any risks of vaccination practices, but does not imply a direct engagement in immunization programs, rather a collaboration to avoid straining and overwhelming the vaccination centers. Some recent questionnaire-based studies have shown that Italian community pharmacists have attitudes that are favorable to vaccinations, even though their knowledge is rather limited. Together with expanding the engagement of community pharmacists in immunization programs, their educational gap should be addressed in order to significantly improve and enhance the protection of the public health.
Tuberculosis is a very serious respiratory infectious disease, caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which generates a relevant societal and clinical burden. It has always represented a permanent concern and a public health challenge over the course of human history, because of its severe epidemiological, and economic-financial implications. The present review aims at over-viewing the impact on tuberculosis on the Israeli healthcare system, its temporal trend and evolution, stratified according to ethnicities and minorities, the need of establishing new facilities and implementing screening techniques, public health strategies and diagnostic tests, following massive immigration waves from countries characterized by a high incidence rate of tuberculosis during the fifties-sixties until the nineties, and the policies implemented by the Israeli government in the control, management and treatment of tuberculosis, as well as the role played by Israeli prominent scientists in discovering new druggable targets and finding bioactive compounds and bio-molecules in the fight against tuberculosis. Israel represents a unique, living laboratory in which features of developed and developing countries mix together. This country as a case-study of immigrant, pluralistic society underlines the importance of adopting a culturally-sensitive community intervention approach. The understanding of the subtle interplay between race/ethnic host and pathogen factors, including the role of gene variations and polymorphisms can pave the way for a personalized treatment and management of tuberculosis patients, contributing to the development of new tools for targeted tuberculosis therapeutics, immunodiagnostics and vaccination products.
The phenomenon known as Vaccine hesitancy (a term that includes the concepts of indecision, uncertainty, delay, reluctance) is complex and closely linked to the different contexts, with different determinants: historical period, geographical areas, political situation, as complacency, convenience and confidence towards vaccines. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends to constantly monitor vaccine hesitancy and any proxy of it. Given the growing importance and pervasiveness of the information and communication technologies (ICTs), the new media could be exploited for a real-time tracking of vaccination-related perception by the lay-people, enabling health-care workers to actively engage themselves and to plan ad hoc communication strategies. The analysis of so-called "sentiments" expressed through the new media (such as Twitter), the real-time tracking of web-related activities enabled by Google Trends, combined with online specific "surveys" on well-defined themes administered to target groups (like health-care workers) may constitute the "Fast data monitoring system", enabling to get a snapshot on the perception of vaccination in that place and at that time. This type of dashboard could be a strategic tool for public services, to organize targeted communication actions aimed at containing Vaccine hesitancy.
In Europe the influence spread in France, Great Britain, Italy and Spain, interfering on the battle-fields with the military operations during the First World War.The official communications of the health authorities worldwide gave certainty about the etiology of influenza, but from laboratories it was not always possible to isolate the famous Pfiffer bacillus. The Spanish flu hit different ages with a so-called "W- trend": the two typically more susceptible age spikes were the children and the elderly, added by the healthy young adults.The first official preventive measures implemented in August 1918 included the notification need of suspected cases, and the surveillance of communities such as schools, barracks and boarding schools.The identification of the ill through surveillance, voluntary and legally enforced quarantine, or isolation had also permitted to limit Sanish flu widespread.In order to not impress the public opinion, moreover, several hygiene local offices refused to provide the numbers of people affected and deads.The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed more than 50 million people worldwide.Virological and bacteriological analysis of preserved samples of infected soldiers who died in 1918 during the pandemic period is a main step in order to better understand and prepare to future pandemics.
Fin dai tempi antichi, il rimedio più frequentemente prescritto per il trattamento della tubercolosi era una permanenza in un clima temperato. Dalla metà del XIX secolo alla metà del XX, l'Europa ha visto lo sviluppo di sanatori, dove i pazienti hanno potuto beneficiare di passeggiate all'aria aperta, esercizio fisico e una dieta equilibrata. Inoltre, l'istituzionalizzazione e l'isolamento dei pazienti ritenuti contagiosi rimane una delle misure più efficaci per il controllo di questo tipo di infezione.Il primo sanatorio aperto in Germania nel 1854, mentre in Italia i primi esperimenti furono condotti all'inizio del 20 ° secolo. A quel tempo, era opinione diffusa in Italia che la tubercolosi polmonare potesse migliorare in un clima marino. Al contrario, lo studioso Biagio Castaldi ha descritto gli effetti salubri dell'aria di montagna e ha documentato una minore incidenza di tubercolosi tra le popolazioni montane, che ha sostenuto l'ipotesi di una predisposizione ereditaria alla malattia. Nel 1898 furono fondati diversi comitati locali (Siena, Pisa, Padova) per combattere la tubercolosi. L'anno seguente, questi hanno dato origine alla Lega Italiana (Lega Italiana) con il patrocinio del Re d'Italia, che ha contribuito a promuovere l'intervento statale nella costruzione di sanatori.The pioneer of the institution of dedicated facilities for the treatment of tuberculosis was Edoardo Maragliano in Genoa in 1896. A few years later, in 1900, the first specialised hospital, with a capacity of 100 beds, was built in Budrio in a non-mountainous area, the aim being to treat patients within their habitual climatic environment. In the following years, institutes were built in Bologna, Livorno, Rome, Turin and Venice. A large sanatorium for the treatment of working-class patients was constructed in Valtellina by the fascist government at the beginning of the century, in the wake of studies by Eugenio Morelli on the climatic conditions of the pine woods in Sortenna di Sondalo, which he deemed to be ideal. In December 1916, the Italian Red Cross inaugurated the first military sanatorium in the "Luigi Merello" maritime hospice in Bergeggi (SV) to treat soldiers affected by curable tuberculosis. In 1919, a specific law mandated a 10-fold increase in funding for the construction of dispensaries and sanatoria. As a result, the Provincial Anti-tuberculosis Committees were transformed into Consortiums of municipal and provincial authorities and anti-TB associations, with the aim of coordinating the action to be undertaken. In 1927, the constitution of an Anti-tuberculosis Consortium in every province became a legal obligation.Nonostante questa crescita delle misure sociali e sanitarie, la tubercolosi in Italia ha continuato a costituire un grave problema di salute pubblica fino all'avvento degli antibiotici negli anni '50. Fino a quel momento, il sanatorio ha svolto un ruolo di primo piano nel trattamento della tubercolosi in Italia, come nel resto d'Europa.
In the present paper, we aimed to determine the influence of various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) enforced during the first wave of COVID-19 across countries on the spreading rate of COVID-19 during the second wave. For this purpose, we took into account national-level climatic, environmental, clinical, health, economic, pollution, social, and demographic factors. We estimated the growth of the first and second wave across countries by fitting a logistic model to daily-reported case numbers, up to the first and second epidemic peaks. We estimated the basic and effective (second wave) reproduction numbers across countries. Next, we used a random forest algorithm to study the association between the growth rate of the second wave and NPIs as well as pre-existing country-specific characteristics. Lastly, we compared the growth rate of the first and second waves of COVID-19. The top three factors associated with the growth of the second wave were body mass index, the number of days that the government sets restrictions on requiring facial coverings outside the home at all times, and restrictions on gatherings of 10 people or less. Artificial intelligence techniques can help scholars as well as decision and policy-makers estimate the effectiveness of public health policies, and implement "smart" interventions, which are as efficacious as stringent ones.
On February 19th 2020, the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) has announced the first 2 cases of SARS-CoV-2, a novel emerging coronavirus which causes an infection termed as COVID-19, in Qom city. As such, the Iranian government, through the establishment of the "National Headquarters for the management and control of the novel Coronavirus", has started implementing policies and programs for the prevention and control of the virus. These measures include schools and universities closure, reduced working hours, and increased production and delivery of equipment such as masks, gloves and hygienic materials for sterile environments. The government has also made efforts to divulge high-quality information concerning the COVID-19 and to provide laboratories and hospitals with diagnostic kits and adequate resources to treat patients. However, despite such efforts, the number of cases and deaths has progressively increased with rising trends in total confirmed cases and deaths, as well as in new daily cases and deaths associated with the COVID-19. Iran is a developing country and its economic infrastructure has been hit hardly by embargo and sanctions. While developed countries have allocated appropriate funding and are responding adequately to the COVID-19 pandemics, Iran has experienced a serious surge of cases and deaths and should strive to provide additional resources to the health system to make healthcare services more accessible and to increase the fairness of that access. All relevant actors and stakeholders should work together to fight this disease.
