Suchergebnisse

Steinkohle -- Braunkohle -- Eisen -- Metall -- Chemische Industrie -- Energie -- Wasserwirtschaft -- Maschinenbau und Konstruktiver Ingenieurbau -- Elektrotechnik, Feinmechanik und Optik -- Verkehrswesen -- Textil -- Steine und Erden -- Verschiedenes -- Physik -- Chemie -- Biologie -- Medizin -- Physiologie -- Pharmakologie -- Raumforschung -- Soziologie -- Wirtschaftswissenschaft -- Betriebswirtschaft -- Geologie und Klimatologie -- 3 Forschungsstätten -- 4 Träger und Förderer der Forschung.

Since economic reforms began, the Chinese state has shifted the locus of control over the allocation of resources from the fiscal to the financial ledger (Sehrt, 1999). Under the planning system, funds were mobilized by setting prices to concentrate profits in state-owned industry (Naughton, 1995). During the reform period, market competition eroded the profitability of SOEs, and the government struggled to establish an effective taxation system to generate revenue (Wong, Heady, and Woo, 1995). However, by asserting its control over the banking system, the state was able to continue directing national resources to support its most important political constituencies, in particular urban workers in state-owned enterprises (Brandt and Zhu, 2000). This strategy was facilitated by the rapid growth of individual private savings in state-owned banks, which have come to dominate China's national savings (Kraay, 2000).1 Thus, during the reform period, the financial system increasingly became the key mechanism by which the government realized its distributional goals.