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THIS ARTICLE IS A REBRUTTAL TO WARREN DUNN'S ARGUMENT THAT IF POTENTIAL CRIMINALS HAVE NO GOOD OBJECTION TO A THREAT OF PUNISHMENT, THEY CAN HAVE NO GOOD OBJECTION TO THE CARRYING OUT OF THAT THREAT IF IT FAILS TO DETER. THE AUTHOR HERE HOLDS THAT DUNN'S ERROR STEMS FROM HIS ACCEPTING THE PRINCIPLE WHICH STATES THAT, RELATIVE TO A SINGLE MORALITY, A GIVEN STATE OF AFFAIRS WILL BE MORALLY ACCEPTABLE TO ME AT ALL TIMES IF IT IS ACCEPTABLE TO HIM AT ANY.

This paper considers a time in the middle of the twentieth century when the helicopter was a new and thoroughly exciting form of flying that held great promise to revolutionise urban transportation. The focus is on the development of plans to accommodate passenger helicopters effectively into British cities and, in the context of Birmingham and London, how the industry experts, property developers, architects and politicians worked to plan new heliport facilities in the city centre during the 1950s.

Consensus methods are being used increasingly to solve problems in medicine and health. Their main purpose is to define levels of agreement on controversial subjects. Advocates suggest that, when properly employed, consensus strategies can create structured environments in which experts are given the best available information, allowing their solutions to problems to be more justifiable and credible than otherwise. This paper surveys the characteristics of several major methods (Delphi, Nominal Group, and models developed by the National Institutes of Health and Glaser) and provides guidelines for those who want to use the techniques. Among the concerns these guidelines address are selecting problems, choosing members for consensus panels, specifying acceptable levels of agreement, properly using empirical data, obtaining professional and political support, and disseminating results.