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Many hypotheses concerning the causes of the violence which exists in our society have been presented for discussion by scholars and researchers. In this Article, Professor Shaffer explores another possible explanation for the violence. He suggests that the imposition of structured forms of order by a political-legal system (the "structuring" function) in conflict with the system's role of preventing acts of victimization (the "hygienic" function) produces a frustration of citizens' personal, economic, and social expectations. This frustration as a result may lead to aggression and violence.

THE AUSTRALIAN ELECTION OF 1998 CONFIRMED JOHN HOWARD'S COALITION GOVERNMENT IN OFFICE. THIS ARTICLE DETAILS THE TROUBLES THAT HIS GOVERNMENT HAS FACED SINCE 1996. IT NOTES THAT AUSTRALIAN POLITICS STILL OPERATED IN A NOTABLY REGULAR WAY, WITH ALL STATES SWINGING IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND MAINTAINING A REMARKABLY EVEN BALANCE BETWEEN LABOR AND NON-LABOR. BUT IN 1998, IT IS CLEAR THAT THE SYSTEM IS MORE OUT OF KILTER THAN EVER BEFORE.

IN 1992 THE UNITED STATES WENT THROUGH ITS FOUR YEARLY DRAMA WITH MORE ENJOYMENT THAN USUAL, WATCHING THE TURNABOUTS IN PARTY FORTUNE. GREAT DISILLUSIONMENT WAS EXPRESSED ABOUT THE CHOICE BEING OFFERED TO AMERICANS--AN UNINSPIRED REPUBLICAN PRESIDENT AND A TARNISHED AND UNEXCITING RANGE OF DEMOCRAT ALTERNATIVES. A NEW ELEMENT CAME INTO THE CAMPAIGN WITH THE INTERVENTION OF THE MUTI-MILLIONAIRE TEXAN INDEPENDENT, ROSS PEROT, WHO OFFERED TO SPEND HIS OWN MONEY TO GIVE VOTERS A CHANCE TO PUT IN SOMEONE WHO WOULD ASSAULT THE HORRENDOUS NATIONAL DEFICIT AND SWEEP OUT THE AUGEAN STABLES IN WASHINGTON. FIRST TIME VOTERS WENT HEAVILY FOR CLINTON BUT THE MOST STRIKING SWING TO THE DEMOCRATS CAME IN UNION HOUSEHOLDS WHERE REAGAN DEMOCRATS SWITCHED BACK TO THEIR LOYALTY.

AbstractThe pattern and daily total production of waste‐water from domestic sanitary appliances is a subject area in which a very limited amount of research has been carried out, despite its need for rational and economic drainage design. This paper consists of an analysis of data from a small‐scale diary survey of domestic wastewater production and a comparison with previously published data.The diurnal variation of activity for each major appliance has been established to give both peak and average frequencies of use. Good correlation has been shown for average (daily) values with published water‐supply data. Peak values were difficult to compare, but were probably lower than previously‐reported data. The wash basin and kitchen sink were found to have two modes of discharge, namely: running to waste and emptying a full bowl. The former mode was the most common in both appliances, although, surprisingly, the volume of each type of discharge was found to be approximately the same. Tests on appliance discharge durations, volumes and flow rates were also carried out.

Recent studies show different approaches: the narrative history or case-study; the analysis of election statistics to show the voting behavior of particular areas over a period of time; & personal interviews to discover the effect of an election campaign upon opinions & votes. It is a misconception to consider psephology a separate branch of pol studies, for elections are but recurrent climaxes in a continual pol process. Psephologists have in fact been concerned with the voter as a citizen, with him as the ultimate arbiter of national destiny, with elections as manifestations of pol ideas or events in the lives of statesmen, & with the structure & operation of parties. There is need to continue along all these lines & with all 3 diff methods of approach, though the second has been overexploited in France, & the third is costly. (IPSA).