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This book was prompted by the current, lingering financial crisis, which has its basis in the disorderly financial practices of the United States. These practices have resulted in an accumulated debt which now requires the United States to run financial policies at artificially low interest rates. In principle, these low interest rates should flood the markets with ready money. Since the spread for banks is very thin, however, and they must carefully discriminate between available risks and finance only those propositions with no risk, credit is not abundantly available. With staggering foreign debt and a myriad of other perils looming, this great nation is at peril for sure. In the tradition of the Heilbronn Symposium, the authors look at historical cases as a means of understanding the current situation and informing possible solutions to a problem that continues to affect the global economy. The volume analyzes cases such as Prussia, Greece, Italy, Estonia, and the European Union. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of economic history as well as policy makers who may benefit from an historical understanding of the economic challenges their countries currently face.

One of the last Prussian Reforms during the Napoleonic Era was the constitution of local autonomy for the cities. Proof of its lasting importance is that it was the cities that carried out the deficit-based employment policies of the early 1930s also had to carry the burden of a democratic reconstitution of Germany in the postwar period. After the crushing defeat at Napoleon's hands, likewise the reconstitution of Prussia fell to the cities. Today, the same constellation of problems can be found on different stages. Europe, as it is growing together, faces a democracy deficit which ultimately

This book examines utopias in classical political economy and is based on the papers presented by leading scholars at the 22nd Heilbronn Symposium in the Economics and the Social Sciences. The book focuses on the tension between the State and utopia (the State as utopia vs. utopia instead of a state). The contributors also study the question of whether seafaring and landlocked states visualize the commonwealth differently and develop different utopias, and it is concluded they do not. The volume therefore follows the refutation of the Schumpeterian Hypothesis that more concentrated industries stimulate innovation. Though the hypothesis is refuted it still remains important, the chapters argue, because it charts out an entire research program, serves as a benchmark of definite public and private sector boundaries, and defines the grammar of discourse for constitutional economic policy in OECD states. These themes are explored in detail through contributions by economists, philosophers, and social historians. The contributors examine utopias hitherto never or rarely reviewed in the English language, making this book of interest to students and scholars in economics, political science and the history of economic thought.

This volume contains eleven essays on Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi's concepts of the modern economy. These essays reflect both Justi's life and professional work, focusing on his ideas on economics and social sciences. Interesting are the aspects of his biography that gave rise to the development of his economic thought. Apart from Justi's personal background, this book contains the beginning of modern economics because Justi's philosophy was linked to government, labour, morality, health and finally the good society. Justi, throughout his life, had a dual career of being on the one hand a prolific writer and educator, on the other hand an administrator in the core state business of mining, then an important revenue source, and he typically combined the two. He gave two inaugural lectures in 1750 in front of Queen and Empress Maria Theresia. The lecture on cameral sciences is truly the beginning of modern economics: Justi was of the opinion that the happiness of the state would be increased if the number of happy and healthy persons would increase. For this reason, health was a major focus of his attention long before the advent of health economics. The main benefit the reader will derive from the book is an understanding of how economics developed as a separate science. Furthermore, they will see how Justi laid the foundation for policy sciences, the specialty of many schools of governement today.

"In discussing the question: fiscal sociology: what for, I shall first give a short sketch of the history of thought of the field. Secondly, main issues are identified. First in discussing the concept of the tax state, we emphasize issues in constitutional public finance. Secondly, one of the fields in which fiscal sociology has been most important is the issue of taxation, and notably income taxation. Thirdly, in citing applications and issues, an entire alphabet of fiscal sociological issues is being identified. The third paragraph deals with the future of the field in both instruction and research." (author's abstract)

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Friedrich Engels at 200 Revisiting His Maiden Paper "Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy" (1844) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Young Engels: A "Guideless Self-Taught Person" -- 3 Contents and Peculiarities of Engels' Essay -- 4 Engels' Essay and Marx -- 5 Concluding Observations -- References -- The Internal Contradiction of Land Rent and Young Engels' Critical Theory of Private Ownership -- 1 The General Form of Land Rent and Capitalist Form of Land Rent -- 2 Land Rent Based on Land Ownership -- 3 Return to the Land Rent Itself -- References -- Engels, Werner Sombart, and the Significance of Marx's Economics -- 1 I -- 2 II -- 3 III -- 4 IV -- 5 V -- 6 VI -- References -- Friedrich Engels and Positivism: An Attempt at Classification -- 1 Introductory Background -- 2 Philosophers of Positivism: Saint-Simon, Comte, and Mill -- 3 Engels and the Philosophy of Positivism -- References -- Engels' Conceptions of Dialectics, Nature, and Dialectics of Nature -- 1 The Engels Problem -- 2 Engels' Own Problems: Dialectics, Nature, and Philosophy -- 3 Outlines of Engels' Natural Dialectics -- 4 Some Open Questions in Engels' Natural Dialectics -- 5 The Question Concerning Metaphysics -- 6 The Question Concerning Dialectical Laws -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Friedrich Engels and the Revolution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Engels' Editorship -- 3 The March of Capitalism -- 4 The Trap of Kapital I -- 5 Economic Analysis and Communist Politics -- 6 Marx and Engels on Contemporary Politics -- 7 The Dream of a Stateless Society -- 8 Four Conclusions -- Bibliographical Appendix -- Diagram I The Pedigree of Kapital I -- Diagram II The provenance of Kapital II -- Diagram III The Provenance of Kapital III -- MEGA Editions Used -- References.