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1. Introduction: Creating A Reign Of Terror -- 2. Inherently Imprecise Killings: Civilian Victims In U.S. Drone Strikes In Afghanistan And Pakistan -- 3. Death Comes At Night: Civilian Victims In U.S. Kill-Or-Capture Missions In Afghanistan -- 4. The War On Due Process: Civilian Victims Of The U.S. Arbitrary Detention Program In Afghanistan -- 5. Systemic Torture, The New Normal: Civilian Victims Of "Enhanced Interrogation Techniques" In Afghan Detention Facilities. - 6. In Militias We Trust: Civilian Victims Of Targeted Killings By Pro-Government Armed Groups In Afghanistan -- 7. The "White Detainees": Civilian Victims Of Arbitrary Detentions In Pakistan -- 8. The "Disappeared": Civilian Victims Of Enforced Disappearances In Pakistan -- 9. Death Sentences On Twitter: Civilian Victims Of Secret Military Courts In Pakistan -- 10. The Reverse Exodus: The Forced Repatriation Of Afghan Refugees In Pakistan -- 11. Eliminating "Pernicious Individuals": Civilian Victims Of The Afghan Taliban's Targeted Killing Program -- 12. Executions, Amputations, And Lashings: Civilian Victims Of The Afghan Taliban's Parallel Justice System -- 13. Taking "Civilian Criminals" As Hostages: Civilian Victims Of Abductions By The Afghan Taliban

This article explores how the United States (US) has redefined the concept of 'imminent threat' in order to relax the rules for anticipatory use of armed force against insurgents. The article focuses on how two new definitions of imminent threat have changed the conduct of specific combat activities, namely, drone strikes and ground combat operations. The central part of the article is divided into four sections. The first section examines the redefinition of imminent threat in the context of drone warfare, while the second section provides an analysis of the redefinition of imminent threat in ground combat operations. Both sections show how the new definitions of imminent threat abandoned two key elements of the classic definition, that is, the immediacy and certainty of the threat. The third and fourth sections of the article explore how the new definitions of imminent threat prevented the application of two key principles governing the use of armed force: the principles of necessity and proportionality. Both sections show how successive US administrations enabled the US military to conduct operations without observing these two key principles regulating the use of force.

Abstract The article analyzes how crimmigration law, combined with a range of illegal practices employed by the Tunisian authorities, negatively impacts on the human rights of irregular migrants, in particular asylum seekers, in Tunisia. By placing Tunisia's migration policy within the broader EU strategy of externalizing migration controls, the article shows how the EU supports, and relies on, Tunisia's systemic violations of human rights in order to prevent irregular migrants from reaching the EU.The central part of the article is divided in four sections, with each section examining the impact of Tunisia'smigration policy on a specific human right. The first section analyzes how legislation criminalizing irregular migration and migration-related activities, together with illegal practices used by Tunisian security forces (e.g., pushing back irregular migrants at Tunisian borders, detaining irregular migrants in order to prevent them from making asylum claims), deprive irregular migrants of their right to seek asylum. The second section examines how practices adopted by Tunisian security forces (e.g., refusing to allow irregular migrants to have access to lawyers and interpreters) undermine the right to due process in both criminal proceedings and proceedings for protection status determination. The third section argues that measures adopted by the Tunisian authorities (e.g., preventing refugees with protection status from obtaining residency permits) violate the refugees' right to work, while the fourth section analyzes how the criminalization of irregular departure from Tunisia violates the right to leave a country, including one's own country.