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Shrinking Cities explores the varied places and spaces in which urban decline occurs. This book argues that no single approach is sufficiently capable of explaining, predicting, and controlling the causes and consequences of urban decline in diverse spatial sites and situations. Instead, the book explores shrinking cities within the context of the local, highlighting the need to couple generalizable theoretical approaches with localized frameworks and geospatial methods to understand and manage urban decline. The book focuses on particular phenomenon in shrinking cities, such as segregation, and outcomes, such as wage inequality, and asks: where does this happen? How does it happen? And how are the outcomes in one place or space connected to those in another? A range of theoretical and methodological perspectives are explored to highlight the intellectual, cultural, political, and economic forces at play in shrinking cities. The book also considers questions surrounding policy and planning and the need for decline-centred governance, central to understanding questions of sustainability and resilience.

This paper examines the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) involved in the agricultural biotechnology (agro-bio) sector. Specific objectives are to understand firm-specific strategies utilized to remain competitive in an uncertain business environment, and to examine the impact of government/policy and farmers on strategies. The controversial nature of processes used and the ethical debate surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMOs) contribute to an ongoing struggle for these firms in negotiating their position in society as innovators. Data from surveys of US-based firms and farmers are used to show how firms respond to external conditions and how farmers adjust to the GMO controversy, and, in turn, affect the business of biotech. At first cut, the data suggest that firms are worried only about science; as the survey probes into firm-level evaluation of external actors, the importance of Federal over local – regional initiatives stand out. While states are investing to promote biotechnology clusters, the lack of perceived importance of state/local level efforts to innovators is of particular significance. The discussion also notes the disconnect between policymakers and SMEs. Farmers point out the indirect effect of public opinion in sustaining the business of agro-bio. This study raises questions about gaps in our understanding of the relationship among firms (innovators), users (farmers who are the traditional innovators), and the government (regulator – facilitator) in the agro-bio subsector of the biotech industry. The need to engage other partners (food companies, wholesalers, retailers, consumer groups) in understanding the prospect of agro-bio is evident.

ABSTRACTThe fertility downturn in the U.S. since the baby boom has been accompanied by a growing divergence in regional fertility rates. This paper examines the spatial implications of recent fertility trends. Two interrelated questions are posed. First, how and why have the time trends in fertility varied spatially? Second, how have the regional patterns of fertility changed over time? These questions are investigated using a continuous spatio‐temporal model of U.S. fertility built using the Dual Expansion Method. Results indicate that the pace of fertility decline has been the most rapid in the Northeast and the slowest in the West. Further, the traditional North‐South distinctions in fertility rates are being replaced by East‐West patterns. These changes tentatively suggest that regional ethnic composition is becoming an increasingly important factor in accounting for the spatial variation of U.S. fertility.

Innovation Spaces in Asia provides insight into how and why Asia is poised to impact global innovation. Asia is undergoing rapid developments in markets, sources of technology and user preferences. This book provides an empirical understanding and initial conceptualization of these dynamic processes, including the role of multinational enterprises, entrepreneurship and public policy. The accomplished contributors explore case studies of entrepreneurs and large companies in Asia in order to discuss the ways in which customers, institutions and firms, both domestic and foreign, are interacting to affect global processes of innovation and production. Innovation spaces are analyzed within Asian countries and firms, from Asia to the world, and from the world to Asian countries. Students and researchers pursuing innovation, international business and entrepreneurship will find this to be a useful read. This book will also be of interest to innovation managers and public policy practitioners looking for a thorough guide on the topic

1. Introduction / Maureen McKelvey and Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen -- 2. To boldly go ... : characteristics of China's innovation policy / Enrico Deiaco and Carl Jeding -- 3. The role of intellectual property rights in innovation spaces : the cases of China and India / Marcus Holgersson -- 4. Technological competition in Chinese market : an investigation based upon patents / Xiangdong Chen, Xiaoqing Liu and Yong Wang -- 5. The role of customers in the development of the e-bike industry and a leading company in China / Jun Jin and Guangyu Cheng -- 6. Understanding innovation spaces through emerging multinational enterprises in China : an explorative case study of a Chinese wind turbine manufacturer / Dmitrij Slepniov, Astrid Heidemann Lassen, Stine Jessen Haakonsson and Maureen McKelvey -- 7. Manoeuvring global innovation spaces : an explorative case study of a Korean entrepreneurial venture in nanotechnology / Astrid Heidemann Lassen and Dmitrij Slepniov -- 8. The emergence of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship in China : four start-up companies in nanotechnology in Suzhou / Jun Jin, Zhengyi Zhang and Maureen McKelvey -- 9. The role of returnees in developing entrepreneurial ventures in high-tech sectors in China / Peilei Fan -- 10. Evolving global innovation networks of Indian pharmaceutical companies / Peter Kedron and Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen -- 11. The emergence of Indonesian multinational enterprises / Teuku Arckyansyah Meraxa and Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen -- 12. Tapping into Western technologies by Chinese multinationals : Geely's purchase of Volvo Cars and Huawei's hiring of Ericsson employees in Sweden / Ethan Gifford, Marcus Holgersson, Maureen McKelvey and Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen -- 13. Foreign direct investment in R & D and the base of the pyramid : is a new space of innovation emerging in India? / Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen, Torsten Schunder and Evangelos Bourelos -- 14. Problem-framing in new innovation spaces : insights from software outsourcing / Rasmus Lema -- 15. The internationalization of innovation : off-shoring home-base innovative processes in software to a host-nation innovation system / Olof Zaring -- 16. Tapping into India's innovation potential : consequences for a Western multinational enterprise and the case of SKF / Katarina Lagerström and Roger Schweizer -- 17. Ramifications for Western firms navigating through innovation spaces in Asia / Maureen McKelvey -- 18. Conclusions / Maureen McKelvey and Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen

The impact of economic geography both within and beyond the wider field of geography has been constrained in the past by its own limitations. Drawing together the work of several eminent geographers this superb collection assesses the current state of knowledge in the sub discipline and its future direction. In doing so, the contributors show how economic geographers have offered explanations that affect places and lives in the broader context of the global economy. Offering a discussion of theoretical constructs and methodologies with the purpose to show the need to combine different approaches in understanding spatial (inter) dependencies, contributors also demonstrate the need to engage with multiple audiences, and within this context they proceed to examine how geographers have interfaced with businesses and policy. This excellent collection moves economic geography from a preoccupation with theory towards more rigorous empirical research with greater relevance for public policy. With excellent breadth of coverage, it provides an outstanding introduction to research topics and approaches.

The impact of economic geography both within and beyond the wider field of geography has been constrained in the past by its own limitations. Drawing together the work of several eminent geographers this superb collection assesses the current state of knowledge in the sub discipline and its future direction. In doing so, the contributors show how economic geographers have offered explanations that affect places and lives in the broader context of the global economy. Offering a discussion of theoretical constructs and methodologies with the purpose to show the need to combine different approaches in understanding spatial (inter) dependencies, contributors also demonstrate the need to engage with multiple audiences, and within this context they proceed to examine how geographers have interfaced with businesses and policy. This excellent collection moves economic geography from a preoccupation with theory towards more rigorous empirical research with greater relevance for public policy. With excellent breadth of coverage, it provides an outstanding introduction to research topics and approaches.