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"This volume explores several notable themes related to political processes in Latin America and offers insightful historical perspectives to understand national, regional, and global issues in the continent from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. The collected essays focus on Latin American politics such as: political cycles, left-wing political parties, nationalism, progressivism, crime and resistance, violence, authoritarianism, and relationships with the United States, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, and Paraguay. The perspectives of the chapters presented an attempt to seek lines of continuity by highlighting traditional interpretations of new scenarios and refusing to impose a traditional and uncritical linear historical narrative. The fundamental objective of the volume is to provide a rational and critical political-historical explanation of Latin America since the early 20th century with the purpose, among others, of deepening understanding of the present"--

This volume explores several notable themes related to foreign affairs in Latin America and the reconfiguration of the power of the different states in the region. It offers insightful historical perspectives for understanding national, regional and global issues from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, from analysis of the traditional "hegemony" of the United States over Latin America through its military, and political influence due to the presence of the European Union, Russia, and China. These views cannot be reduced to a simplistic vision of the dominant and subordinate; rather, they attempt to seek lines of continuity by highlighting traditional interpretations of new scenarios such as regional trading and security blocs. The volume refuses to impose a traditional and uncritical linear historical narrative onto the reader but instead proposes an alternative interpretation of the past and its relation to the present. Finally, the growing importance of international mechanisms in enabling the success of certain Latin American regimes is also highlighted, in particular the influence of regional diffusion through international organizations or other networks (Routledge).

This Handbook brings together essays from an impressive group of well-established and emerging scholars from all around the word, to show the many different types of violence that have plagued Latin America since the Pre-Colombian era, and how each has been seen and characterized in literature and other cultural mediums ever since. This ambitious collection analyzes texts from some of the region's most tumultuous time periods, beginning with early violence that was predominately tribal and ideological in nature; to colonial and decolonial violence between colonizers and the native population; through to the political violence we have seen in the postmodern period, marked by dictatorship, guerrilla warfare, neoliberalism, as well as representations of violence caused by drug trafficking and migration. This volume provides readers literary examples from across the centuries, showing not only how widespread the violence has been, but crucially how it has shaped the region and evolved over time.

The present research article analyzed, with a qualitative-type methodology and a historical-political perspective, the celebration to Santiago, with the objective of emphasizing that the restoration of the same was used by the rebellious side to legitimize the war and its leader: Francisco Franco. In addition, this will had another important consequence, that is, to provoke a competition between the Falange and the Church for its monopoly, which led to the desacralization of the feast to place the saint on a par with the "caudillo" who was acquiring mystical and even sanctity. ; En el presente artículo de investigación, se analiza, mediante una metodología de tipo cualitativo y una perspectiva de tipo histórico-politológico, la celebración a Santiago, con el objetivo de destacar que su restauración fue utilizada por el bando sublevado para legitimar la guerra y a su líder: Francisco Franco. Además, esta voluntad tiene otra importante consecuencia, es decir, provocar una competencia entre la Falange y la Iglesia por el monopolio de la misma, que condujo a la desacralización de la fiesta para colocar en pie de igualdad al santo con el «caudillo», quien fue adquiriendo ribetes místicos y hasta de santidad.

With the Spanish civil war all the resources were exploited. The goal was to win at any cost. In the 'national' side one of the most precious resources, not military, was the press. However, the Church tried to keep a space –notwithstanding Franco was considered a providential being– and this caused serious conflicts with the Falange. Instead, the Falange used all its resources to sanctify the war and the «caudillo» using sometimes a paganizing rhetoric. ; Con la guerra civil española todos los recursos fueron aprovechados. El objetivo era ganar a cualquier precio. En el bando «nacional» uno de los recursos no militares más preciosos fue la prensa. La Iglesia intentó conservar un espacio –no obstante haya considerado a Franco un enviado providencial– ocasionando un duro enfrentamiento con la Falange. Por su parte, la Falange utilizó todos sus recursos para sacralizar la guerra y al «caudillo» utilizando una retórica que en ocasiones fue paganizante.

Tra il 1936 e il 1943 la Spagna visse un periodo di guerra civile e scontri fra la Falange e la Chiesa. Tutto ciò non fece altro che innalzare la figura di Franco, un generale, che viene sacralizzato e che governò per quasi 40 anni ; The sacralization of politics and politization of the sacred occurred between 1936 to 1943 thanks to the war and the religious persecution. Franco gained power and became a god-like dictator.

This book adopts a multidimensional approach to analyze both the historical and emerging factors that contribute to make Latin America and the Caribbean the most unequal region in the world. Social inequality is a historical characteristic of the region, but at the beginning of the 21st century, a handful of progressive governments seemed to be adopting policies that could reduce this historical trend. Many of these efforts, however, were blocked or reversed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which both exposed the persistence of historical trends and contributed to the emergency of new forms of inequality in the region. The different chapters in this contributed volume adopt a multidimensional, intersectional, perspective to analyze both the persistence and the emergency of social devices of production and reproduction of inequalities in the diverse Latin American and Caribbean temporal spatialities. The issues analyzed in the different chapters revolve around four main axes: a) persistence of generational and intergenerational inequalities; b) structural gender inequality; c) intertwined social inequalities: race, class and social structure and; c) historical and economic dimension of inequality. Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America: A Multidimensional Approach will be of interest to researchers interested in the study of social inequality and social justice in different fields of the human and social sciences, such as sociology, political science, history, economics, anthropology and education. It will also be a valuable tool for policy makers and social activists engaged in the discussion, advocacy and implementation of public policies aimed at reducing social inequalities. .