Suchergebnisse

Bajo el título "Los problemas de Oriente Venezolano y su reflejo en el convento franciscano de Cumaná", se recogen un serie de reflexiones sobre los lazos que vincularon a Cumaná, primera ciudad de la Nueva Andalucía, con la orden de San Francisco, a lo largo del período hispánico. Esos lazos se remontan al nacimiento mismo de la gobernación, allá por 1514, y se extienden hasta alcanzar la independencia. Juntos atraviesan períodos difíciles y épocas de esplendor, viéndose en la necesidad de afrontar, por tanto, los mismos problemas. El convento influye en la ciudad y viceversa, se reflejan en su interior todas las tensiones de aquélla. Hablar, en definitiva, de la historia de Cumaná es referirse a su convento. Se trata de hacer la historia de una misma historia. ; Under the litle "The Problems of Eastern Venezuela and Their Reflection in the Franciscan Convent of Cumaná", a series of events is presented that shows the parallels between Cumaná, the principal city of Nueva Andalucía, and the Franciscan religious order throughout the Hispanic period. This relationship has its origins in the birth of the government (circa 1514), and continues up to the time of Venezuelan independence. Both places have difficult times as well as epochs of splendor, and are therefore forced to deal with the same type of problems. The Convent has a strong influence in the city and vice versa; the tensions of the city are echoed within the Convent's walls. The history of Cumaná itself is, in this sense, the history of its Convent.

AbstractThe present research aims to assess literacy acquisition in children becoming bilingual via second language immersion in school. We adopt a cognitive components approach, assessing text‐level reading comprehension, a complex literacy skill, as well as underlying cognitive and linguistic components in 144 children aged 7 to 14 (72 immersion bilinguals, 72 controls). Using principal component analysis, a nuanced pattern of results was observed: although emergent bilinguals lag behind their monolingual counterparts on measures of linguistic processing, they showed enhanced performance on a memory and reasoning component. For reading comprehension, no between‐group differences were evident, suggesting that selective benefits compensate costs at the level of underlying cognitive components. Overall, the results seem to indicate that literacy skills may be modulated by emerging bilingualism even when no between‐group differences are evident at the level of complex skill, and the detection of such differences may depend on the focus and selectivity of the task battery used.

There is a growing interest for marine flooding related to recent catastrophic events and their unintended consequences in terms of casualties and damages, and to the increasing population and issues along the coasts in a context of changing climate. Consequently, the knowledge on marine flooding has progressed significantly for the last years and this review, focused on storm-induced marine submersions, responds to the need for a synthesis. Three main components are presented in the review: (1) a state-of-the-art on marine submersions from the viewpoint of several scientific disciplines; (2) a selection of examples demonstrating the added value of interdisciplinary approaches to improve our knowledge of marine submersions; (3) a selection of examples showing how the management of future crises or the planning efforts to adapt to marine submersions can be supported by new results or techniques from the research community. From a disciplinary perspective, recent progress were achieved with respect to physical processes, numerical modeling, the knowledge of past marine floods and vulnerability assessment. At a global scale, the most vulnerable coastal areas to marine flooding with high population density are deltas and estuaries. Recent and well-documented floods allow analyzing the vulnerability parameters of different coastal zones. While storm surges can nowadays be reproduced accurately, the modeling of coastal flooding is more challenging, particularly when barrier breaches and wave overtopping have to be accounted for. The chronology of past marine floods can be reconstructed combining historical archives and sediment records. Sediment records of past marine floods localized in back barrier depressions are more adequate to reconstruct past flooding chronology. For the two last centuries, quantitative and descriptive historical data can be used to characterize past marine floods. Beyond providing a chronology of events, sediment records combined with geochronology, statistic analysis and climatology, can be used to reconstruct millennial-scale climate variability and enable a better understanding of the possible regional and local long-term trends in storm activity. Sediment records can also reveal forgotten flooding of exceptional intensity, much more intense than those of the last few decades. Sedimentological and historical archives, combined with highresolution topographic data or numerical hindcast of storms can provide quantitative information and explanations for marine flooding processes. From these approaches, extreme past sea levels height can be determined and are very useful to complete time series provided by the instrumental measurements on shorter time scales. In particular, historical data can improve the determination of the return periods associated with extreme water levels, which are often inaccurate when computed based on instrumental data, due to the presence of gaps and too short time-series. Longterm numerical hindcast of tides and surges can also be used to provide the required time series for statistical analysis. Worst-case scenarios, used to define coastal management plans and strategies, can be obtained from realistic atmospheric settings with different tidal ranges and by shifting the trajectory of storms. Management of future crises and planning efforts to adapt to marine submersions are optimized by predictions of water levels from hydrodynamic models. Such predictions combined with in situ measurements and analysis of human stakes can be used to define a vulnerability index. Then, the efficiency of adaptation measures can be evaluated with respect to the number of lives that could be potentially saved. Numerical experiments also showed that the realignment of coastal defenses could result in water level reduction up to 1 m in the case where large marshes are flooded. Such managed realignment of coastal defenses may constitute a promising adaptation to storm-induced flooding and future sea level rise. From a legal perspective, only a few texts pay specific attention to the risk of marine flooding whether nationally or globally. Recent catastrophic events and their unintended consequences in terms of death and damages have triggered political decisions, like in USA after hurricane Katrina, and in France after catastrophic floods that occurred in 2010. ; 151-184pp ; Volume 165 ; DHA/NEC ; Earth-Science Reviews