Suchergebnisse

The mazhabiyah (school of thought differentiation) issue is conceived as the ultimate problem of Muslims, since a life without mazhab, without ideological point, will be chosen as a the central determinant of social unity. For Abdul Wahid Hasyim, the madzhabiyah is important due to its function as a way of mutual understanding and peace building. He made it as a religious stance in the battle for maintaining the nation unity in diversity. This study attempts to portray religious and political contribution of Abdul Wahid Hasyim in upholding the Indonesian Islam and contructing NKRI. His contribution during Dutch colonialism, Japanese occupation, until independence periods had figured out his spirit as santri in the nation building.

"This book provides an overview of the relationships of influence between civil society and intelligence elites. The secrecy surrounding intelligence means that publication of intelligence is highly restricted, barring occasional whistle-blowing and sanitised official leaks. These characteristics mean that intelligence, if publicised, can be highly manipulated by intelligence elites, while civil society's ability to assess and verify claims is compromised by absence of independent evidence. There are few studies on the relationship between civil society and intelligence elites, which makes it hard to form assessments or practical recommendations regarding public oversight of intelligence elites. This book analyses two case studies of global political significance. The intelligence practices they focus on (contemporary mass surveillance and Bush-era torture-intelligence policies) have been presented as vital in fighting the 'Global War on Terror', enmeshing governments of scores of nation-states, while challenging internationally established human rights to privacy and to freedom from torture and enforced disappearance. The book aims to synthesise what is known on relationships of influence between civil society and intelligence elites. It makes original recommendations for how a variety of academic disciplines most likely to study the relationship between civil society and intelligence elites (international relations, history, journalism and media) could productively cross-fertilise. Finally, it aims to create a practical benchmark to enable civil society to better hold intelligence elites publicly accountable. This book will be of great interest to students of intelligence studies, surveillance, civil society, democracy and IR in general"--

Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Studying Torture, Intelligence and Media Manipulation in the War on Terror -- 2 Strategic Political Communication, Intelligence and its Discontents -- 3 The Rise of the Torture-Intelligence Nexus -- 4 The Sousveillance Failure of John Walker Lindh -- 5 The Surprise of Sousveillance at Abu Ghraib and the Struggle to Contain it -- 6 The Persistence of Sousveillance: Baha Mousa and Torture in the British Military -- 7 The Absence of Sousveillance -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Iran overplayed its hand with Pakistan and was reminded of its proper place.

The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire set the stage for Türkiye's evolving foreign policy in the Middle East, a region deeply intertwined with its historical legacy. From the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 to the rise of the AK Party in the early 2000s, Türkiye's approach has been marked by pragmatism, adaptability, and a keen understanding of regional dynamics. The nation's foreign policy has oscillated between neutrality, revisionism, proactivity, reactivity, assertiveness, autonomy, and diplomacy, reflecting both its historical ties and strategic imperatives. As Türkiye continues to navigate the complexities of the Middle East, its foreign policy remains a testament to its enduring resilience and strategic acumen. By tracing its roots and evolution, the article sheds light on the myriad factors that have shaped its course, offering insights into the evolving nature of Türkiye's multifaceted and adaptive foreign policy and role in the Middle East over the last 100 years (1923-2023).

Abstract
So far, interest in policy and political sciences has mostly centered around the varieties of policy advisory systems (PASs) and knowledge regimes in consolidated democracies rather than in consolidated autocracies, which largely remain as black boxes. Drawing on a hybrid literature review, this article aims to fill this gap. It reviews selected articles published between 1992 and February 2023 in the Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge Social Science Citation Index database to not only to reveal the current state of empirical and theoretical knowledge and persistent knowledge gaps but also to offer an integration of the literature that leads to a preliminary conceptual framework in this emerging topic. In doing so, it contributes to the body of knowledge on this topic in three main ways. First, it provides a comprehensive review of PASs in consolidated autocracies to identify the central features of policy knowledge production within and across autocracies. Second, it proposes "the vicious circle of authoritarian PAS and knowledge regime" as a conceptual approach. In doing so, it takes a modest step toward a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of this literature to date. Third, it establishes connections between fragmented literature studies; identifies theoretical, conceptual, empirical, and methodological gaps; and proposes suggestions concerning promising paths for future research.