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The Chinese Communist Party is based on an ideology that was once fundamentally linked to social norms and values. The original charisma of the party and its leaders seems to have gone in the direction predicted by Max Weber: that charisma cannot stand the test of everyday routines; it will eventually be rationalized and bureaucratized. The party's slogan of 'three representations' seems to reach out to the 'new social strata,' allowing entry to those who 'became rich first,' namely the entrepreneurs. At the same time, the party struggles to redefine the Marxist paradigm of exploitation in a situation where workers increasingly live under conditions akin to those in England at the time of the Industrial Revolution. Sweeping changes are being implemented but without any modification to the verbal baggage of socialist propaganda.

The Chinese Communist Party is based on an ideology that was once fundamentally linked to social norms and values. The original charisma of the party and its leaders seems to have gone in the direction predicted by Max Weber: that charisma cannot stand the test of everyday routines; it will eventually be rationalized and bureaucratized. The party's slogan of 'three representations' seems to reach out to the 'new social strata,' allowing entry to those who 'became rich first,' namely the entrepreneurs. At the same time, the party struggles to redefine the Marxist paradigm of exploitation in a situation where workers increasingly live under conditions akin to those in England at the time of the Industrial Revolution. Sweeping changes are being implemented but without any modification to the verbal baggage of socialist propaganda.

The allegation that punishment is a core element of culture does not seem to explain the rapid changes in attitudes towards the death penalty seen in most modern societies during the last few decades. Attitudes of harshness and death in punishment are much more easily changed than proponents of the "cultural" explanation think. The misunderstandings about China (often held by Chinese themselves) are that a long tradition of harsh punishment has made such values into an unavoidable cultural norm. China, however, is not exceptional in harbouring penal populist norms as such, and Chinese history was much more lenient and merciful than assumed in these simplified arguments about "Chinese cultural harshness". Even if China today is exceptional in the uses of harsh punishments and executes more people than the rest of the world combined, there is no need to see this fact in terms of Chinese culture. China can use its own traditions to end this situation effectively in a fairly short period of time if there is the political will to do so. Given such political will, public opinion will follow suit.

Seit 1980 hat sich die Jugendkriminalität in der VR China dramatisch erhöht. Die sozio-ökonomischen Prozesse der letzten Jahre haben insbesondere die Jugend entwurzelt. Die Mobilität ist gestiegen und der Einfluß westlicher Ideen und Wertvorstellungen gewinnen an Bedeutung. Die Analyse der Jugendkriminalität setzt ein in den 50er Jahren. Der Autor stellt die Entwicklung der Kriminalität anhand von statistischen Materialien dar. Abschließend geht er auf die staatliche Abschreckungspolitik ein, die 1983 als Gegenmaßnahme zur steigenden Jugendkriminalität eingeführt wurde. Durch öffentliche Hinrichtungen erhoffte man sich eine Eindämmung der Kriminalität. Die Ursachen für das Scheitern dieser rigorosen Politik sind ebenso Gegenstand der Untersuchung. (FUB-Hfs)

Pt.1: Economic perspectives and state-owned enterprise reform Naughton, Barry: State enterprise restructuring : renegotiating the social compact in urban China Fan Gang: China's "Compatible opening" : lessons from the Asian crisis Part 2: Reshaping the social compact in urban China Fernández-Stembridge, Leila: Stabilizing potential instability : re-employment in today's China Rocca, Jean-Louis: Old working class, new working class : reforms, labour crisis and the two faces of conflicts in Chinese urban areas Hook, Brian: The development of the urban housing market : social implications Part 3: Social conflicts, control and cohesion Bakken, Borge: Norms, police and the problems of control Fisac, Taciana: Social anomie and political discourse in contemporary China Nieto, Gladys: Overseas Chinese associations building up a national identity : specific cases in Spain Part 4: Nation building and collective identities Meißner, Werner: Collective identity and nationalism in Europe and China Tsang, Steve: The rise of a Hong Kong identity Chu Yun-Han; Lin Chia-Lung: Consolidating Taiwan's new democracy amid competing national identities