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Technology offsets, a nonconventional international trade-financing tool, is used by governments (buyers) to obtain industrial and technological benefits from companies (sellers) as part of international procurement. Offsets deals involve billions of dollars and this practice exists in around 80 countries around the world. Though offsets is a popular practice in defence, it is increasingly gaining popularity in civil sectors. Offsets is often tainted by controversy and receives bad press. What then makes offsets popular? Governments claim that offsets delivers technology and knowledge transfer, skills in high technology sectors and employment, and offsets expands export opportunities through participation in OEM supply chains. For companies, offsets is mainly employed as a tool to obtain a competitive edge and win sales in international business. In the past, there have been mixed results of case studies on the impact of offsets successes and failures. Considering the mismanagement of globalisation, unfair trade agreements and current political and economic discontent, there is a stronger need for governments and companies to use vehicles such as offsets to create a relationship of trust and commitment for sustainable development. This book fills the gap in offsets and focuses on how to manage offsets more effectively by addressing issues of strategy, policy and implementation, technology management, governance and risk. Technology Offsets in International Defence Procurement is designed for those studying international procurement, international trade, international business, technology management, defence policy and industrial policy. This book will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers in both government and industry.

More than ever, nations and their citizens demand clear evidence as to the benefits of defence spending and any subsequent value created. The opportunity cost of defence expenditure against other sectors is constantly queried, and the question of how to measure value remains highly contentious. Similarly, it is challenging to find consensus amongst traditional economists, policy-makers, and other stakeholders on how to measure value in the context of defence, where most outcomes are intangible. Hence, this article attempts to offer solutions using the case study of Malaysia, a maritime nation in Southeast Asia. The study uses a hypo-deductive approach underpinning qualitative research methodology. Primary data sources include open-ended and semi-structured interviews to produce a thematic discussion, as well as secondary resources such as journal articles, government reports, and online sources. The author argues that it is hard to appraise defence value, as measurements are case-specific, and even successful attempts cannot be generalised. Rather, the paper will use a novel "Triple-Defence Value Framework" to argue that value can be measured by dividing the role of defence into a primary level: for protection and safety; a secondary level: for socio-economic prosperity; and a tertiary level: for soft power projection. The paper concludes by using the framework to measure the value derived from the Malaysian defence sector. ; Prepared for the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943. ; Naval Postgraduate School ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

More than ever, nations and their citizens demand clear evidence as to the benefits of defence spending and any subsequent value created. The opportunity cost of defence expenditure against other sectors is constantly queried, and the question of how to measure value remains highly contentious. Similarly, it is challenging to find consensus amongst traditional economists, policy-makers, and other stakeholders on how to measure value in the context of defence, where most outcomes are intangible. Hence, this article attempts to offer solutions using the case study of Malaysia, a maritime nation in Southeast Asia. The study uses a hypo-deductive approach underpinning qualitative research methodology. Primary data sources include open-ended and semi-structured interviews to produce a thematic discussion, as well as secondary resources such as journal articles, government reports, and online sources. The author argues that it is hard to appraise defence value, as measurements are case-specific, and even successful attempts cannot be generalised. Rather, the paper will use a novel "Triple-Defence Value Framework" to argue that value can be measured by dividing the role of defence into a primary level: for protection and safety; a secondary level: for socio-economic prosperity; and a tertiary level: for soft power projection. The paper concludes by using the framework to measure the value derived from the Malaysian defence sector. ; Prepared for the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943. ; Naval Postgraduate School ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.