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The last decade has been a period of accelerated integration in Europe. A tangible manifestation of this was the biggest ever enlargement of the EU in 2004 and its next enlargement in 2007. Therefore the aim of this study is a formalized empirical evaluation of the phenomenon of integration in case of EU countries in the sphere of economic institutional order in the first decade of the twentieth century. Due to the fact that institutional systems should be treated as a multidimensional phenomena, in this study generally recognized taxonomic tools were used - a hierarchical classification method, which allowed to obtain some homogeneous subsets of countries classified on the base of institutional system similarities in each year. The study was based on annual data from the period 2000-2008 for 27 countries that are members of the EU. It allowed to capture a period of four years before and four years after the biggest enlargement of the EU. The main research problem of this study amounted to the question: whether in the analyzed period can one speak about the process of growing similarities in the sphere of institutional order in case of so called old and new EU member states? The study confirms existence of integration processes in relation to economic governance and institutional order. ; Ostatnie dziesięciolecie było okresem przyspieszonej integracji w Europie. Za namacalny przejaw tego zjawiska należy uznać największe dotychczasowe rozszerzenie UE w 2004 oraz kolejne rozszerzenie z 2007 r. W związku z tym celem niniejszej analizy jest sformalizowana empiryczna ocena zjawiska integracji instytucjonalnej w krajach UE w odniesieniu do porządku gospodarczego w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu XX wieku. Ze względu na fakt, iż systemy instytucjonalne należy traktować jako zjawiska wielowymiarowe w niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano powszechnie uznane narzędzia analizy taksonomicznej - hierarchiczną metodę grupowania, której zastosowanie pozwoliło na uzyskanie jednorodnych podzbiorów krajów ze względu na podobieństwo ich systemów instytucjonalnych. Badanie zrealizowano w oparciu o dane roczne z okresu 2000-2008 dla 27 krajów będących członkami UE, co pozwoliło to na uchwycenie okresu czterech lat przed oraz czerech lat po największym rozszerzeniu Unii. Główne zagadnienie badawcze niniejszej analizy sprowadzało się do pytania: czy w analizowanym okresie można mówić o procesie upodabniania się w sferze instytucjonalnej tzw. starych i nowych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej? Przeprowadzone badanie potwierdza występowanie procesów integracyjnych w odniesieniu do gospodarczego ładu instytucjonalnego.

The last decade has been a period of accelerated integration in Europe. A tangible manifestation of this was the biggest ever enlargement of the EU in 2004 and its next enlargement in 2007. Therefore the aim of this study is a formalized empirical evaluation of the phenomenon of integration in case of EU countries in the sphere of economic institutional order in the first decade of the twentieth century. Due to the fact that institutional systems should be treated as a multidimensional phenomena, in this study generally recognized taxonomic tools were used - a hierarchical classification method, which allowed to obtain some homogeneous subsets of countries classified on the base of institutional system similarities in each year. The study was based on annual data from the period 2000-2008 for 27 countries that are members of the EU. It allowed to capture a period of four years before and four years after the biggest enlargement of the EU. The main research problem of this study amounted to the question: whether in the analyzed period can one speak about the process of growing similarities in the sphere of institutional order in case of so called old and new EU member states? The study confirms existence of integration processes in relation to economic governance and institutional order. ; Ostatnie dziesięciolecie było okresem przyspieszonej integracji w Europie. Za namacalny przejaw tego zjawiska należy uznać największe dotychczasowe rozszerzenie UE w 2004 oraz kolejne rozszerzenie z 2007 r. W związku z tym celem niniejszej analizy jest sformalizowana empiryczna ocena zjawiska integracji instytucjonalnej w krajach UE w odniesieniu do porządku gospodarczego w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu XX wieku. Ze względu na fakt, iż systemy instytucjonalne należy traktować jako zjawiska wielowymiarowe w niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano powszechnie uznane narzędzia analizy taksonomicznej - hierarchiczną metodę grupowania, której zastosowanie pozwoliło na uzyskanie jednorodnych podzbiorów krajów ze względu na podobieństwo ich systemów instytucjonalnych. Badanie zrealizowano w oparciu o dane roczne z okresu 2000-2008 dla 27 krajów będących członkami UE, co pozwoliło to na uchwycenie okresu czterech lat przed oraz czerech lat po największym rozszerzeniu Unii. Główne zagadnienie badawcze niniejszej analizy sprowadzało się do pytania: czy w analizowanym okresie można mówić o procesie upodabniania się w sferze instytucjonalnej tzw. starych i nowych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej? Przeprowadzone badanie potwierdza występowanie procesów integracyjnych w odniesieniu do gospodarczego ładu instytucjonalnego.

Successful policies and programs leading to improvement of quality of human capital in the context of knowledge-based economy are currently considered as the basic condition for keeping global competitiveness of the European economy. It has been pointed as one of the most important aims of Europe 2020 strategy. In the EU all the countries are obliged to implement national strategies that should result in reaching that aims. As a result, it is necessary to compare countries' results, which can be useful for pointing the best practices and effective policy guidelines. Thus, the main aim of the article is to provide a multiple-criteria analysis of the quality of human capital in the EU countries at macroeconomic level. Special attention is given here to the results obtained by new member states of the EU. The research is done for the years 2001-2012. Additionally, it gives some insight on the possible influence of the global financial crisis on the dynamics of the quality of human capital in the EU countries. Data from Eurostat is used. Hellwig's method of taxonomic measure of development with the constant pattern (ideal solution) for the entire period is applied in the research. The Hellwig's method is very close to TOPSIS method, which is based on a concept of similarity to ideal solution and which is currently commonly applied in multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM). After obtaining the relative measure for the quality of human capital, the countries were grouped into homogenous subsets with application of natural breaks method. The main advantages of the applied methods are high elasticity and methodological simplicity, which is crucial in the case of multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA).

Successful policies and programs leading to improvement of quality of human capital in the context of knowledge-based economy are currently considered as the basic condition for keeping global competitiveness of the European economy. It has been pointed as one of the most important aims of Europe 2020 strategy. In the EU all the countries are obliged to implement national strategies that should result in reaching that aims. As a result, it is necessary to compare countries' results, which can be useful for pointing the best practices and effective policy guidelines. Thus, the main aim of the article is to provide a multiple-criteria analysis of the quality of human capital in the EU countries at macroeconomic level. Special attention is given here to the results obtained by new member states of the EU. The research is done for the years 2001-2012. Additionally, it gives some insight on the possible influence of the global financial crisis on the dynamics of the quality of human capital in the EU countries. Data from Eurostat is used. Hellwig's method of taxonomic measure of development with the constant pattern (ideal solution) for the entire period is applied in the research. The Hellwig's method is very close to TOPSIS method, which is based on a concept of similarity to ideal solution and which is currently commonly applied in multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM). After obtaining the relative measure for the quality of human capital, the countries were grouped into homogenous subsets with application of natural breaks method. The main advantages of the applied methods are high elasticity and methodological simplicity, which is crucial in the case of multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA).

The subject of the research is a technological potential of European Economies at macroeconomic level. The main aim of the article is to assess relative position and eventual progress in that sphere obtained by Central European economies that joined the European Union after the year 2004. Additional goal of the research is to verify usefulness of variables that can be used in measurement of technological potential at macroeconomic level in European economies with application of multiple criteria decision analysis methodology. In the research the phenomenon of technological potential was treated as a multivariate problem. Thus, in order to measure it the multiple criteria decision analysis approach based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied. The research was conducted with application of Eurostat Data and diagnostic variables proposed for measurement of technological potential at macro level in European members states. It was done for the years 2008-2012. The applied procedure of verification of information value of potential diagnostic variables enabled to select six final diagnostic variables. The conducted research enabled to point the European leaders, which can be treated as benchmark countries and the source of good practices in the process of forming policy guidelines aiming at supporting technological development. The research showed significant progress obtained by some new European Union members states, which confirms modernization process of Central European economics.

The subject of the research is a technological potential of European Economies at macroeconomic level. The main aim of the article is to assess relative position and eventual progress in that sphere obtained by Central European economies that joined the European Union after the year 2004. Additional goal of the research is to verify usefulness of variables that can be used in measurement of technological potential at macroeconomic level in European economies with application of multiple criteria decision analysis methodology. In the research the phenomenon of technological potential was treated as a multivariate problem. Thus, in order to measure it the multiple criteria decision analysis approach based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied. The research was conducted with application of Eurostat Data and diagnostic variables proposed for measurement of technological potential at macro level in European members states. It was done for the years 2008-2012. The applied procedure of verification of information value of potential diagnostic variables enabled to select six final diagnostic variables. The conducted research enabled to point the European leaders, which can be treated as benchmark countries and the source of good practices in the process of forming policy guidelines aiming at supporting technological development. The research showed significant progress obtained by some new European Union members states, which confirms modernization process of Central European economics.

In the year 2015 the European Union has reached the halfway of implementation of Europe 2020 strategy, which is aimed at forming the conditions for sustainable and inclusive economy delivering high levels of employment, productivity and social cohesion. In this context the aim of the paper is to analyze the level of fulfillment its aims with special concentration on diversity between New Member States that joined European Union in 2004 and 2007 (EU-10) and Old European Union Members (EU-15). The empirical part of the paper is based on the taxonomic research with application of zero-unitarization method. In order to make the dynamic analysis for the years 2004-2013 the constant reference point for the whole period was used. The evaluation was based on the Eurostat Europe 2020 indicators. The analysis showed significant diversity between New and Old Member States. However, in the years 2004-2013 EU-10 had made an important progress in the implementation of Europe 2020 strategy.

In the year 2015 the European Union has reached the halfway of implementation of Europe 2020 strategy, which is aimed at forming the conditions for sustainable and inclusive economy delivering high levels of employment, productivity and social cohesion. In this context the aim of the paper is to analyze the level of fulfillment its aims with special concentration on diversity between New Member States that joined European Union in 2004 and 2007 (EU-10) and Old European Union Members (EU-15). The empirical part of the paper is based on the taxonomic research with application of zero-unitarization method. In order to make the dynamic analysis for the years 2004-2013 the constant reference point for the whole period was used. The evaluation was based on the Eurostat Europe 2020 indicators. The analysis showed significant diversity between New and Old Member States. However, in the years 2004-2013 EU-10 had made an important progress in the implementation of Europe 2020 strategy.

In the year 2015 the European Union reaches the five year period of Europe 2020 strategy implementation. Thus, the aim of the research is to group the European countries based on the level of fulfillment aims of the strategy with the application of natural breaks method. Special consideration was given to the results of New Member States of European Union. As a result in the first part of empirical research a ranking of EU countries with application of zero unitarization method for the year 2004, 2008 and 2013 was made. Based on the rankings the countries were grouped in five classes with natural breaks method. The analysis showed that in spite of economic difficulties in Europe after global financial crisis, from the year 2004 till the year 2013 New Member States had made an important progress in the implementation of Europe 2020 strategy.

In the year 2015 the European Union reaches the five year period of Europe 2020 strategy implementation. Thus, the aim of the research is to group the European countries based on the level of fulfillment aims of the strategy with the application of natural breaks method. Special consideration was given to the results of New Member States of European Union. As a result in the first part of empirical research a ranking of EU countries with application of zero unitarization method for the year 2004, 2008 and 2013 was made. Based on the rankings the countries were grouped in five classes with natural breaks method. The analysis showed that in spite of economic difficulties in Europe after global financial crisis, from the year 2004 till the year 2013 New Member States had made an important progress in the implementation of Europe 2020 strategy.

Overall quality of human capital of a country is currently considered as one of the most important determinant of competitive position of economy. As a result the differences in that factor influence economic potential of a country. In order to form effective public policies and propose some strategies for improving this factor one needs to point some leaders in the field to learn from them and to know the countries whose mistakes should be avoided. Thus the subject of the article is to assess the differences in quality of human capital in European Union countries. Due to the fact that the quality of human capital is considered as ambiguous and multi-definable phenomena, some tools of statistical multivariate analysis were applied in the research. In this case, zero unitarization method was used. The statistical material needed to complete the study was obtained from a Eurostat database.