Suchergebnisse

Abstract Background For a long period of time there has been a kind of mirroring between the development of decision making models in Political science and the concepts and paradigms used in Planning theory. The dialogue has been interrupted when the "Garbage Can" model was proposed by Choen, March and Olsen in 1972: a model that emphasized the irreducible complexity of the policy processes. Methods The article reconstructs this relationship and its evolution showing the influence of decision-making models on planning theory, and showing the difficulties of managing complexity for planners. Results The paper holds that interpreting planning processes through the lens of the "Trading zone" concept proposed by Peter Galison in the field of history of science could be an interesting way of dealing with the extreme complexity of contemporary planning problems. Conclusions The conclusion is that the use of the Trading Zone concept is very promising to solve some dilemmas of planning theory and that it is particularly useful if we employ it in the growing area of strategic spatial planning.

Índice Introducción. La construcción del urbanismo como disciplina hasta 1945. La crisis de la ciudad durante la larga etapa de la reconstrucción entre 1945 y 1970. Las variables fortunas de una difícil institucionalización durante las tres últimas décadas (1970-2000). Nuevos oficios y nuevas figuras. La carrera universitaria de urbanismo. El difícil reconocimiento profesional de los urbanistas y la nueva reforma universitaria. Bibliografía. Resumen La enseñanza y la práctica del urbanismo como disciplina independiente en Italia se ha consolidado en los últimos años, como consecuencia de la reorganización de los organismos profesionales, la reforma universitaria y el replanteamiento del ejercicio profesional integrando nuevas aptitudes profesionales. El autor hace un recorrido a través de la historia del urbanismo en Italia desde sus orígenes, como efecto de las discusiones entre arquitectos e ingenieros a un lado y funcionarios técnicos municipales al otro, que dan como resultado la aparición de la enseñanza del urbanismo en las facultades de arquitectura, negándose la necesidad de establecer formaciones por separado para urbanistas. Así establecida, la disciplina no incluye planteamientos interdisciplinarios y conoce el declive de la labor de los funcionarios técnicos municipales. En los años treinta, el fascismo se sirve del urbanismo para diseñar planes para las ciudades más importantes e incluso algunas de nueva creación. En 1942 se promulga la ley del urbanismo (que aún hoy en día es el principal cuerpo de legislación sobre la materia), y legitima el papel de los urbanistas. Este éxito progresivo se detiene con la caída del régimen fascista y el final de la guerra, cuando la prevalencia de los intereses de la industria de la construcción lleva a la suspensión de la ley del 42 y a proceder sin regulaciones. Los grandes movimientos de la población del campo a las ciudades van acompañados de una urbanización rápida y desregulada que finaliza hacia los años sesenta. En los setenta aparece la primera licenciatura en urbanismo y planificación regional en la Universidad de Venecia. Además, la instauración de gobiernos regionales hace del urbanismo una práctica estandarizada en todas las administraciones locales. En los años ochenta prevalece una actitud pragmática centrada, ya no en estrategias generales, sino en proyectos individuales. En los últimos años estas tendencias han empezado a corregirse al margen de la profesión, debido a las nuevas demandas en forma de planes estratégicos multidisciplinares, a menudo incentivados por políticas europeas. Actualmente existen ocho escuelas de urbanismo en Italia que se verán afectadas por las reformas de la declaración de Bolonia de 1998. Abstract In Italy, the teaching and practice of Town Planning as an independent discipline has been consolidated over recent years as a consequence of the reorganisation of the professional bodies, university reform and a rethinking of the professional activity to integrate new professional skills.The author takes a look at the history of Town Planning in Italy from its early days, as the result of discussions between architects and engineers, on the one hand, and specialist municipal civil servants, on the other, which led to the appearance of Town Planning courses in architecture faculties, denying the need to establish separate training courses for town planners. Thus established, the discipline did not include interdisciplinary approaches and saw a decline in the work of the municipal civil servants. In the thirties, fascism made use of town planning to design plans for the most important cities and even some newly-created towns. In 1942, the law on town planning was enacted and legitimised the role of town planners (this is still, today, the main legislative body on the subject).These gradual successes came to a halt with the fall of the fascist regime and the end of the war, when the prevalence of the construction industry's interests led to a suspension of the 1942 law and an absence of regulatory control. Large population movements from rural to urban areas were accompanied by a rapid and unregulated urban development which came to an end towards the sixties. In the seventies, the first Town and Country Planning degree was created by the University of Venice. Furthermore, the establishment of regional governments made town planning a standardised practice in all local administrations. In the eighties, a pragmatic attitude prevailed which no longer focused on general strategies but instead on individual projects. In recent years, these tendencies have begun to be corrected outside the profession, due to new requirements in the form of multidisciplinary strategic plans, often encouraged by European policies.There currently exist eight Town Planning faculties in Italy which will be affected by the reforms of the Bologna Declaration of 1998.

This book offers a fresh look at the complexities of creating a local trading zone between stakeholders representing different cultures of meaning and value. Discusses theory, trading zones in multi-actor planning processes and trading zone tools in planning.

Risk and Uncertainty: Foundational Issues -- Planning for Resilience -- Risk Mitigation and Resilience of Human Settlement -- Resilience, Cohesion Policies and the Socio-Ecological Crisis -- Some Notes on Socio-Economic Territorial Imbalances in Contemporary Italy -- Socio-Spatial Inequalities in Urban Peripheries: the Case of Italy -- Natural Risks Exposure and Hazard Avoidance Strategies: Learning from Vesuvius -- Urban Resilience as Changing Ways of Governing: The implementation of the 100 Resilient Cities Initiative in Rome and Milan.