Suchergebnisse

Most people in forest and rural areas manage trees as part of their livelihood systems. The resulting "domestic" or "rural" forests are distinct from conventional forest. They have historically been overlooked by the forestry sector and impacted by forest policies and regulatory frameworks. These forests presently encounter requalification and valuation dynamics, fueled by a sustainable development ideology, and induced by both public powers and local communities. These dynamics move in two different directions: the naturalization of rural forests by policy makers, and their politization by rural people. We draw on long-term research experiences in France, Morocco, Southeast Asia, and Africa on forests managed by "farmers", among which some are analyzed in the Ecology and Society Feature, Public policies and management of rural forests: lasting alliance or fool's dialogue?. We first elaborate on domestication, analyzed at tree, ecosystems and landscape levels, as a concept allowing for a better understanding of the specific relationships developed between rural people and forests. We then engage in a critical review of how forest-related and sustainable development policies consider rural forests, and discuss how they address (or do not address) their specificity and encourage (or do not encourage) their development.

National audience ; Dans les recherches sur les paysages, la construction de scénarios et la visualisation se développent comme outils de sensibilisation au changement ou d'aide à la gestion des paysages (Dockerty et al., 2006). Nous avons appliqué ce type de démarche dans le cadre d'une recherche en partenariat sur les processus et conséquences du boisement spontané des vallées du Parc National des Pyrénées par le frêne (Fraxinus Excelsior). La finalité du projet est de mettre au point des références et des outils pour l'aide à l'orientation des politiques locales de gestion des territoires. Nous avons construit trois scénarios contrastés d'utilisation des terres en 2030 sur une commune de référence à partir de l'analyse des modalités locales d'organisation de la gestion agricole de l'espace et de leur dynamique depuis 1950 (Mottet et al., 2006). Les scénarios portent respectivement sur la prolongation de la tendance actuelle(Sc1), les effets de la réforme de la PAC (Sc2), et ceux d'une politique d'urbanisation poussée des villages (Sc3). Nous en avons modélisé les conséquences sur l'évolution des couverts à l'aide des connaissances sur la dynamique écologique de colonisation du frêne (Julien et al.,2006). Les changements du paysage pour chaque scénario (modes d'utilisation du sol ;couverts) ont été simulés à l'aide d'un SIG (ArcView). L'impact des scénarios sur les propriétés des paysages a été évalué au moyen d'indicateurs métriques (propriétés écologiques et visuelles ; état des ressources agricoles et forestières) et d'images virtuelles 3D(LandExplorer). Les principes et les résultats de la démarche ont été intégrés dans un prototype de « visualisateur ». Nous discutons l'intérêt et les limites de ce type d'outil qui, au vu des premières évaluations et des retombées positives de notre travail, semble répondre aux aspirations des responsables locaux de la gestion des territoires.

Dans les recherches sur les paysages, la construction de scénarios et la visualisation se développent comme outils de sensibilisation au changement ou d'aide à la gestion des paysages (Dockerty et al., 2006). Nous avons appliqué ce type de démarche dans le cadre d'une recherche en partenariat sur les processus et conséquences du boisement spontané des vallées du Parc National des Pyrénées par le frêne (Fraxinus Excelsior). La finalité du projet est de mettre au point des références et des outils pour l'aide à l'orientation des politiques locales de gestion des territoires. Nous avons construit trois scénarios contrastés d'utilisation des terres en 2030 sur une commune de référence à partir de l'analyse des modalités locales d'organisation de la gestion agricole de l'espace et de leur dynamique depuis 1950 (Mottet et al., 2006). Les scénarios portent respectivement sur la prolongation de la tendance actuelle(Sc1), les effets de la réforme de la PAC (Sc2), et ceux d'une politique d'urbanisation poussée des villages (Sc3). Nous en avons modélisé les conséquences sur l'évolution des couverts à l'aide des connaissances sur la dynamique écologique de colonisation du frêne (Julien et al.,2006). Les changements du paysage pour chaque scénario (modes d'utilisation du sol ;couverts) ont été simulés à l'aide d'un SIG (ArcView). L'impact des scénarios sur les propriétés des paysages a été évalué au moyen d'indicateurs métriques (propriétés écologiques et visuelles ; état des ressources agricoles et forestières) et d'images virtuelles 3D(LandExplorer). Les principes et les résultats de la démarche ont été intégrés dans un prototype de « visualisateur ». Nous discutons l'intérêt et les limites de ce type d'outil qui, au vu des premières évaluations et des retombées positives de notre travail, semble répondre aux aspirations des responsables locaux de la gestion des territoires.

National audience ; The Coteaux de Gascogne region, an upland area in south-western France, is a site where studies related to the future of landscapes and the sustainability of natural resource management are well documented. The local agricultural system is induced by a "house centred" society with the particularity of passing on the inheritance and farm estate identically from one generation to the next. This system generates a mosaic landscape made up of field crops, grasslands and woodlots. Local agriculture has experienced deep changes since the 1950s in relation with modernization and farm enlargement processes. Traditional farming systems were very diversified and turned towards subsistence. Nowadays, farming systems are market-oriented mixed crop-livestock farming, in which cattle is the main species raised. We have started a participatory research with local stakeholders for prospecting the future of livestock farming in the study area. We carried out a spatially explicit and exhaustive survey of the farms in 4 adjoining villages to assess the variety of family-farms, their agricultural land-management and their changes over recent decades. In this paper we present an initial typology assessing the current variety of the family-farms structure and functioning. The types of spatial and functional organization of farm territories appear to depend on farm size and access to land resources. In current socio-economical conditions, difficulty for farm transfer at the time of a farmer's retirement and competition between crop and animal productions appear as main topical issues that challenge the future of local livestock farming. Their impacts on the sustainability of the local livestock sector and on landscape characteristics are major issues that will be considered in the modelling and scenarios of land-use and landscape change to be worked out in a subsequent step of the participatory research project. ; Les Coteaux de Gascogne constituent un des terrains de recherche sur l'avenir des paysages ruraux et ...

National audience ; The Coteaux de Gascogne region, an upland area in south-western France, is a site where studies related to the future of landscapes and the sustainability of natural resource management are well documented. The local agricultural system is induced by a "house centred" society with the particularity of passing on the inheritance and farm estate identically from one generation to the next. This system generates a mosaic landscape made up of field crops, grasslands and woodlots. Local agriculture has experienced deep changes since the 1950s in relation with modernization and farm enlargement processes. Traditional farming systems were very diversified and turned towards subsistence. Nowadays, farming systems are market-oriented mixed crop-livestock farming, in which cattle is the main species raised. We have started a participatory research with local stakeholders for prospecting the future of livestock farming in the study area. We carried out a spatially explicit and exhaustive survey of the farms in 4 adjoining villages to assess the variety of family-farms, their agricultural land-management and their changes over recent decades. In this paper we present an initial typology assessing the current variety of the family-farms structure and functioning. The types of spatial and functional organization of farm territories appear to depend on farm size and access to land resources. In current socio-economical conditions, difficulty for farm transfer at the time of a farmer's retirement and competition between crop and animal productions appear as main topical issues that challenge the future of local livestock farming. Their impacts on the sustainability of the local livestock sector and on landscape characteristics are major issues that will be considered in the modelling and scenarios of land-use and landscape change to be worked out in a subsequent step of the participatory research project. ; Les Coteaux de Gascogne constituent un des terrains de recherche sur l'avenir des paysages ruraux et ...

National audience ; The Coteaux de Gascogne region, an upland area in south-western France, is a site where studies related to the future of landscapes and the sustainability of natural resource management are well documented. The local agricultural system is induced by a "house centred" society with the particularity of passing on the inheritance and farm estate identically from one generation to the next. This system generates a mosaic landscape made up of field crops, grasslands and woodlots. Local agriculture has experienced deep changes since the 1950s in relation with modernization and farm enlargement processes. Traditional farming systems were very diversified and turned towards subsistence. Nowadays, farming systems are market-oriented mixed crop-livestock farming, in which cattle is the main species raised. We have started a participatory research with local stakeholders for prospecting the future of livestock farming in the study area. We carried out a spatially explicit and exhaustive survey of the farms in 4 adjoining villages to assess the variety of family-farms, their agricultural land-management and their changes over recent decades. In this paper we present an initial typology assessing the current variety of the family-farms structure and functioning. The types of spatial and functional organization of farm territories appear to depend on farm size and access to land resources. In current socio-economical conditions, difficulty for farm transfer at the time of a farmer's retirement and competition between crop and animal productions appear as main topical issues that challenge the future of local livestock farming. Their impacts on the sustainability of the local livestock sector and on landscape characteristics are major issues that will be considered in the modelling and scenarios of land-use and landscape change to be worked out in a subsequent step of the participatory research project. ; Les Coteaux de Gascogne constituent un des terrains de recherche sur l'avenir des paysages ruraux et ...

National audience ; The Coteaux de Gascogne region, an upland area in south-western France, is a site where studies related to the future of landscapes and the sustainability of natural resource management are well documented. The local agricultural system is induced by a "house centred" society with the particularity of passing on the inheritance and farm estate identically from one generation to the next. This system generates a mosaic landscape made up of field crops, grasslands and woodlots. Local agriculture has experienced deep changes since the 1950s in relation with modernization and farm enlargement processes. Traditional farming systems were very diversified and turned towards subsistence. Nowadays, farming systems are market-oriented mixed crop-livestock farming, in which cattle is the main species raised. We have started a participatory research with local stakeholders for prospecting the future of livestock farming in the study area. We carried out a spatially explicit and exhaustive survey of the farms in 4 adjoining villages to assess the variety of family-farms, their agricultural land-management and their changes over recent decades. In this paper we present an initial typology assessing the current variety of the family-farms structure and functioning. The types of spatial and functional organization of farm territories appear to depend on farm size and access to land resources. In current socio-economical conditions, difficulty for farm transfer at the time of a farmer's retirement and competition between crop and animal productions appear as main topical issues that challenge the future of local livestock farming. Their impacts on the sustainability of the local livestock sector and on landscape characteristics are major issues that will be considered in the modelling and scenarios of land-use and landscape change to be worked out in a subsequent step of the participatory research project. ; Les Coteaux de Gascogne constituent un des terrains de recherche sur l'avenir des paysages ruraux et ...

National audience ; The Coteaux de Gascogne region, an upland area in south-western France, is a site where studies related to the future of landscapes and the sustainability of natural resource management are well documented. The local agricultural system is induced by a "house centred" society with the particularity of passing on the inheritance and farm estate identically from one generation to the next. This system generates a mosaic landscape made up of field crops, grasslands and woodlots. Local agriculture has experienced deep changes since the 1950s in relation with modernization and farm enlargement processes. Traditional farming systems were very diversified and turned towards subsistence. Nowadays, farming systems are market-oriented mixed crop-livestock farming, in which cattle is the main species raised. We have started a participatory research with local stakeholders for prospecting the future of livestock farming in the study area. We carried out a spatially explicit and exhaustive survey of the farms in 4 adjoining villages to assess the variety of family-farms, their agricultural land-management and their changes over recent decades. In this paper we present an initial typology assessing the current variety of the family-farms structure and functioning. The types of spatial and functional organization of farm territories appear to depend on farm size and access to land resources. In current socio-economical conditions, difficulty for farm transfer at the time of a farmer's retirement and competition between crop and animal productions appear as main topical issues that challenge the future of local livestock farming. Their impacts on the sustainability of the local livestock sector and on landscape characteristics are major issues that will be considered in the modelling and scenarios of land-use and landscape change to be worked out in a subsequent step of the participatory research project. ; Les Coteaux de Gascogne constituent un des terrains de recherche sur l'avenir des paysages ruraux et ...

National audience ; The Coteaux de Gascogne region, an upland area in south-western France, is a site where studies related to the future of landscapes and the sustainability of natural resource management are well documented. The local agricultural system is induced by a "house centred" society with the particularity of passing on the inheritance and farm estate identically from one generation to the next. This system generates a mosaic landscape made up of field crops, grasslands and woodlots. Local agriculture has experienced deep changes since the 1950s in relation with modernization and farm enlargement processes. Traditional farming systems were very diversified and turned towards subsistence. Nowadays, farming systems are market-oriented mixed crop-livestock farming, in which cattle is the main species raised. We have started a participatory research with local stakeholders for prospecting the future of livestock farming in the study area. We carried out a spatially explicit and exhaustive survey of the farms in 4 adjoining villages to assess the variety of family-farms, their agricultural land-management and their changes over recent decades. In this paper we present an initial typology assessing the current variety of the family-farms structure and functioning. The types of spatial and functional organization of farm territories appear to depend on farm size and access to land resources. In current socio-economical conditions, difficulty for farm transfer at the time of a farmer's retirement and competition between crop and animal productions appear as main topical issues that challenge the future of local livestock farming. Their impacts on the sustainability of the local livestock sector and on landscape characteristics are major issues that will be considered in the modelling and scenarios of land-use and landscape change to be worked out in a subsequent step of the participatory research project. ; Les Coteaux de Gascogne constituent un des terrains de recherche sur l'avenir des paysages ruraux et ...

Les Coteaux de Gascogne constituent un des terrains de recherche sur l'avenir des paysages ruraux et la durabilité de la gestion des ressources naturelles. Cette petite région du Sud-Ouest de la France est historiquement fondée sur un système social dit « à maison » caractérisé par une permanence des patrimoines fonciers et des exploitations agricoles. Le système agraire qui lui est lié génère une mosaïque de paysages composée de grandes cultures, de prairies liées à l'élevage bovin et de bois. L'agriculture locale a connu, depuis les années 1950, de profonds changements liés à la modernisation et à l'agrandissement des exploitations. A l'origine très diversifiées et tournées vers l'autoconsommation, les exploitations s'inscrivent aujourd'hui dans l'économie de marché tout en conservant une orientation de polyculture-élevage. Dans une perspective d'élaboration de scénarios d'évolution relatifs à l'élevage, nous avons mis en place un dispositif de recherche en partenariat. Il a été convenu, avec les partenaires, que la première étape de nos travaux porte sur l'amélioration de la connaissance des changements en cours dans les exploitations et la compréhension des stratégies des familles agricoles. A partir d'une enquête exhaustive et spatialisée des exploitations utilisant le territoire de quatre communes, nous avons, en premier lieu, élaboré une typologie pour disposer d'une représentation de la diversité de leurs situations. Les modes d'organisation spatiale et fonctionnelle des territoires d'exploitation montrent des situations contrastées liées à leur dimension et à leur accès aux ressources foncières. La transmission des exploitations et l'avenir de l'élevage bovin sont des questions pressantes qui constituent des éléments à intégrer dans les modèles et scénarios à élaborer. ; The Coteaux de Gascogne region, an upland area in south-western France, is a site where studies related to the future of landscapes and the sustainability of natural resource management are well documented. The local agricultural system is induced by a "house centred" society with the particularity of passing on the inheritance and farm estate identically from one generation to the next. This system generates a mosaic landscape made up of field crops, grasslands and woodlots. Local agriculture has experienced deep changes since the 1950s in relation with modernization and farm enlargement processes. Traditional farming systems were very diversified and turned towards subsistence. Nowadays, farming systems are market-oriented mixed crop-livestock farming, in which cattle is the main species raised. We have started a participatory research with local stakeholders for prospecting the future of livestock farming in the study area. We carried out a spatially explicit and exhaustive survey of the farms in 4 adjoining villages to assess the variety of family-farms, their agricultural land-management and their changes over recent decades. In this paper we present an initial typology assessing the current variety of the family-farms structure and functioning. The types of spatial and functional organization of farm territories appear to depend on farm size and access to land resources. In current socio-economical conditions, difficulty for farm transfer at the time of a farmer's retirement and competition between crop and animal productions appear as main topical issues that challenge the future of local livestock farming. Their impacts on the sustainability of the local livestock sector and on landscape characteristics are major issues that will be considered in the modelling and scenarios of land-use and landscape change to be worked out in a subsequent step of the participatory research project.

L'abondance relative des espèces dans les communautés animales fait l'objet de nombreux travaux. Un certain nombre d'entre eux cherchent à dégager des « patterns » pour lesquels des hypothèses de fonctionnement écologiques sont proposées. Les recherches sur les DRF ont été particulièrement fructueuses et différents modèles ont été proposés pour les décrire : LogNormal, Logseries, Géométrique, Mandelbrot… Huston a proposé une hypothèse audacieuse mettant l'accent sur l'importance de la distribution des ressources dans le paysage pour expliquer le type de DRF auquel une communauté s'ajuste le mieux. Nous avons testé les hypothèses suivantes : i) Une grande diversité et une grande fragmentation des ressources conduiront à une distribution LogNormal des espèces au sein d'une communauté, ii) les DRF des patchs de ressources et des espèces dans les communautés sont semblables. Ces hypothèses ont été testées sur trois jeux de données issus de milieux ruraux : 5 communautés de papillons dans le bocage breton, 4 communautés de syrphes forestiers dans des forêts fragmentées et 234 communautés d'oiseaux sur un gradient d'ouverture du paysage dans les Coteaux de Gascogne. L'hypothèse de la diversité des ressources est vérifiée pour les papillons et une partie du gradient oiseaux. L'hypothèse de la fragmentation est partiellement vérifiée. Enfin, la similitude entre les modèles de DRF des patches de ressources et des espèces n'est vérifiée que pour les syrphes forestiers. Il existe donc bien une relation entre la structure des paysages (répartition spatiale des patches de ressources) et le type de DRF présenté par les communautés étudiées. Cette relation est d'autant plus étroite que la discrétisation des patches de ressources est évidente (comme ce fut le cas pour les syrphes forestiers).

International audience ; Agriculture in mountainous regions shapes the landscape. However, given agriculture's decline, can it still act to maintain open spaces and prevent the land from returning to its wild state? Landscape changes vary from region to region and are determined by the type and scale of changes in farming practices and production systems. In this study, we examined tandem changes in land use and farming in a socioeconomic context in fivemountainous regions, which allowed us to explore how agricultural shifts are affecting the landscape. Although it has its limitations, our combined analysis of agricultural statistics and aerial photographs has helped to reveal the underlying causes of landscape alterations and the consequences of changes in agricultural activities. ; L'agriculture de montagne façonne les paysages qui subissent d'importantes mutations suite à la déprise agricole. Les transformations paysagères varient d'un territoire à l'autre selon la nature et l'importance des changements dans les pratiques et les systèmes de production. L'analyse de la coévolution des modes d'occupation des sols, des activités agricoles et de leur contexte socio-économique dans 5 territoires de montagne permet d'évaluer dans quelle mesure l'agriculture et son adaptation affectent les paysages. Même si elle présente des limites, l'analyse conjointe de statistiques agricoles et photographies aériennes aide à comprendre les causes des dynamiques paysagères et les conséquences de l'évolution des activités agricoles.

International audience ; Agriculture in mountainous regions shapes the landscape. However, given agriculture's decline, can it still act to maintain open spaces and prevent the land from returning to its wild state? Landscape changes vary from region to region and are determined by the type and scale of changes in farming practices and production systems. In this study, we examined tandem changes in land use and farming in a socioeconomic context in fivemountainous regions, which allowed us to explore how agricultural shifts are affecting the landscape. Although it has its limitations, our combined analysis of agricultural statistics and aerial photographs has helped to reveal the underlying causes of landscape alterations and the consequences of changes in agricultural activities. ; L'agriculture de montagne façonne les paysages qui subissent d'importantes mutations suite à la déprise agricole. Les transformations paysagères varient d'un territoire à l'autre selon la nature et l'importance des changements dans les pratiques et les systèmes de production. L'analyse de la coévolution des modes d'occupation des sols, des activités agricoles et de leur contexte socio-économique dans 5 territoires de montagne permet d'évaluer dans quelle mesure l'agriculture et son adaptation affectent les paysages. Même si elle présente des limites, l'analyse conjointe de statistiques agricoles et photographies aériennes aide à comprendre les causes des dynamiques paysagères et les conséquences de l'évolution des activités agricoles.

International audience ; Agriculture in mountainous regions shapes the landscape. However, given agriculture's decline, can it still act to maintain open spaces and prevent the land from returning to its wild state? Landscape changes vary from region to region and are determined by the type and scale of changes in farming practices and production systems. In this study, we examined tandem changes in land use and farming in a socioeconomic context in fivemountainous regions, which allowed us to explore how agricultural shifts are affecting the landscape. Although it has its limitations, our combined analysis of agricultural statistics and aerial photographs has helped to reveal the underlying causes of landscape alterations and the consequences of changes in agricultural activities. ; L'agriculture de montagne façonne les paysages qui subissent d'importantes mutations suite à la déprise agricole. Les transformations paysagères varient d'un territoire à l'autre selon la nature et l'importance des changements dans les pratiques et les systèmes de production. L'analyse de la coévolution des modes d'occupation des sols, des activités agricoles et de leur contexte socio-économique dans 5 territoires de montagne permet d'évaluer dans quelle mesure l'agriculture et son adaptation affectent les paysages. Même si elle présente des limites, l'analyse conjointe de statistiques agricoles et photographies aériennes aide à comprendre les causes des dynamiques paysagères et les conséquences de l'évolution des activités agricoles.

International audience ; Agriculture in mountainous regions shapes the landscape. However, given agriculture's decline, can it still act to maintain open spaces and prevent the land from returning to its wild state? Landscape changes vary from region to region and are determined by the type and scale of changes in farming practices and production systems. In this study, we examined tandem changes in land use and farming in a socioeconomic context in fivemountainous regions, which allowed us to explore how agricultural shifts are affecting the landscape. Although it has its limitations, our combined analysis of agricultural statistics and aerial photographs has helped to reveal the underlying causes of landscape alterations and the consequences of changes in agricultural activities. ; L'agriculture de montagne façonne les paysages qui subissent d'importantes mutations suite à la déprise agricole. Les transformations paysagères varient d'un territoire à l'autre selon la nature et l'importance des changements dans les pratiques et les systèmes de production. L'analyse de la coévolution des modes d'occupation des sols, des activités agricoles et de leur contexte socio-économique dans 5 territoires de montagne permet d'évaluer dans quelle mesure l'agriculture et son adaptation affectent les paysages. Même si elle présente des limites, l'analyse conjointe de statistiques agricoles et photographies aériennes aide à comprendre les causes des dynamiques paysagères et les conséquences de l'évolution des activités agricoles.