Suchergebnisse

Einstieg -- Die Bühne für das neue Stück wird aufgebaut -- Die Eisenbahn im Dienste regionaler Machtgelüste -- Die Eisenbahn als Zugpferd der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung -- Auch dank technischer Rationalität zum gestärkten Bundesstaat -- Risiken der Technik und staatlicher Schutz -- Eisenbahngesellschaften — Pioniere im Verwalten komplexer Organisationen -- Von der gelben zur grünen Schweiz oder die Eisenbahn und die Landwirtschaft -- Mit der Eisenbahn in die grenzenlose Mobilität -- Ein neues Zeitgefühl -- Der Glaube an die technische Machbarkeit -- Ende des Eisenbahnzeitalters oder die Macht der Politik -- Ankunft.

This paper aims at explaining the extent of evaluation activity in Swiss cantonal health policy. It is a quantitative analysis of determinants that promote evaluation. For the first time, it draws together data on the frequency of health policy evaluations in the Swiss cantons, shows the results of bi- and multivariate analysis and interprets them based on policy analysis hypotheses. The investigation allows the conclusion that only a minority of cantons conducts systematic evaluations of health policy measures or regularly initiates research studies. The base for evidence-based cantonal health policy in Switzerland can therefore be considered as narrow. The most important factor explaining the differences among the cantons in their evaluation activity is their population size.

Growing interest in the institutionalization of evaluation in the public administration raises the question as to which institutional arrangement offers optimal conditions for the utilization of evaluations. Institutional arrangement denotes the formal organization of processes and competencies, together with procedural rules, that are applicable independently of individual evaluation projects. It reflects the evaluation practice of an institution and defines the distance between evaluators and evaluees. This article outlines the results of a broad-based study of all 300 or so evaluations that the Swiss Federal Administration completed from 1999 to 2002. On this basis, it derives a theory of the influence of institutional factors on the utilization of evaluations.

For more than twenty years, the topic of the use of evaluations has been one of the central topics of the theoretical discussion in evaluation science. In recent times, this discourse has been shaped by the development of an integrated theory of the use and influence of evaluations. Empirical studies investigating the importance of influencing factors on use have been pushed into the background. The growing gap between increasingly differentiated theory development on the one hand and narrow empirical basis on the other hand applies in particular to the analysis of the influence of institutional arrangements in the planning and implementation of evaluations on their use. Should evaluations, in order to be useful, for example, aim for close contact between evaluators and those being evaluated? Or does a high degree of independence between the two actors in the evaluation process tend to lead to the use of evaluation results in practice? The few published findings on these and similar questions are usually based on specific practical experience. Systematic studies are lacking. The Swiss National Science Foundation therefore financed a study carried out by Andreas Balthasar, which intended to close this gap. It examines the influence of the institutional arrangement in which an evaluation is carried out on its use.

This article presents some of the results from a study in progress, focusing on the influence of the institutional distance between evaluators and evaluees on the utilization of evaluations. The basis for the results presented here is an analysis of ten case studies from Switzerland. These cases involve evaluations that were carried out in different institutional contexts, with widely varying institutional distances between evaluators and evaluees. 'Qualitative Comparative Analysis' (QCA) has been used to interpret the cases, in order to allow a combination of case-and variable-centred comparisons. The analysis indicates that, under certain conditions, the institutional distance between evaluators and evaluees has no influence on the use of evaluations. In particular, formative objectives can be achieved quite independently of distance. When interpreting the results, however, one should not neglect the fact that they are solely based on a systematic evaluation of ten case studies with QCA. Generalization is not possible on this basis, nor is this the aim of the present article. On the contrary, the objective is to continue developing the debate about the influence of the institutional distance between evaluators and evaluees on the utilization of evaluations.

Subject of the report is the question about factors of influence on the development of a common policy between the cantons in implementing the subsidizing of contributions to health insurance of persons living in modest economic circumstances. It clearly appears that this so‐called secondary harmonization in the first place has been pushed by the concretization of the executive program by the federal administration. Secondly, the influence of various forms of horizontal cooperation is mentioned, which facilitated the exchange of information and reflection between the cantons and promoted the development of a common model for a solution. Thirdly, the paper refers to the role of the evaluation, in which a comparative analysis of the sociopolitical effectiveness of the cantonal implementation systems was made. This studies induced a number of cantons to make adaptations. In spite of all tendencies towards harmonization, however, the cantonal implementation systems still differ greatly also in this public policy. This fact is explained by fundamentally differing policy cores as well as by the varying extent to which information required for the implementation of subsidizing contributions is available in the cantons.

Subject of the report is the question about factors of influence on the development of a common policy between the cantons in implementing the subsidizing of contributions to health insurance of persons living in modest economic circumstances. It clearly appears that this so-called secondary harmonization in the first place has been pushed by the concretization of the executive program by the federal administration. Secondly, the influence of various forms of horizontal cooperation is mentioned, which facilitated the exchange of information & reflection between the cantons & promoted the development of a common model for a solution. Thirdly, the paper refers to the role of the evaluation, in which a comparative analysis of the sociopolitical effectiveness of the cantonal implementation systems was made. This study induced a number of cantons to make adaptations. In spite of all tendencies toward harmonization, however, cantonal implementation systems still differ greatly also in this public policy. This fact is explained by fundamentally differing policy cores as well as by the varying extent to which information required for the implementation of subsidizing contributions is available in the cantons. 2 Tables, 23 References. Adapted from the source document.

Struktur und Entwicklung der Gewerkschaften in der Metall- und Maschinenbranche und im Buchdruckgewerbe der Schweiz werden als Produkt einer Vermischung von internationalen Konzepten und Eigenarten der nationalen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Kultur analysiert. Während sich das trade-unionistische und das sozialdemokratisch-integrative Modell in der Organisationsstruktur von Schweizerischem Typographenbund (STB) und Schweizerischem Metallarbeiterverband (SMAV) in weiten Teilen wiederfinden lassen, prägten Föderalismus und direkte Demokratie den ursprünglichen Verbandsaufbau. Die Kleinheit des wirtschaftlichen Raumes trägt zur Erklärung der Zentralisierungstendenzen in der gewerkschaftlichen Entwicklung bei. Schließlich ist die sprachliche Vielfalt für die Trennung der Bewegung in eine deutschsprachige und eine romanische verantwortlich. (psz)