Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Up to 70% of the population is engaged in farm sector directly or indirectly. Growing Indian population needs sufficient farm product. During the Green Revolution, achieving high crop yields at any cost was the ultimate goal. The emphasis now is on sustainable agriculture-increasing yields without harming the environment at low cost. In the last half of the 20th century, there has been a growing worldwide movement among government and industry to change the way industry interact with the environment. Cleaner production is outcome this progress. Cleaner production is a way of looking at what causes waste and then figuring out the best way to reduce the pollution before it is created. Applying CP tools to the industry is really worth?
The SoLid collaboration has developed a new detector technology to detect electron anti-neutrinos at close proximity to the Belgian BR2 reactor at surface level. A 288 kg prototype detector was deployed in 2015 and collected data during the operational period of the reactor and during reactor shut-down. Dedicated calibration campaigns were also performed with gamma and neutron sources. This paper describes the construction of the prototype detector with a high control on its proton content and the stability of its operation over a period of several months after deployment at the BR2 reactor site. All detector cells provide sufficient light yields to achieve a target energy resolution of better than 20%/root E(MeV). The capability of the detector to track muons is exploited to equalize the light response of a large number of channels to a precision of 3% and to demonstrate the stability of the energy scale over time. Particle identification based on pulse-shape discrimination is demonstrated with calibration sources. Despite a lower neutron detection efficiency due to triggering constraints, the main backgrounds at the reactor site were determined and taken into account in the shielding strategy for the main experiment. The results obtained with this prototype proved essential in the design optimization of the final detector. ; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France [ANR-16 - CE31 - 0018 - 03]; Institut Carnot Mines, France; CNRS/IN2P3 et Region Pays de Loire, France; FWO-Vlaanderen, Belgium; Vlaamse Herculesstichting, Belgium; Science AMP; Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BelSpo) under the IUAP network programme; STFC Rutherford Fellowship program; European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon Programme (H-CoG)/ERC Grant [682474]; Merton College Oxford; FWO-Vlaanderen ; This work was supported by the following funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche grant ANR-16 - CE31 - 0018 - 03, Institut Carnot Mines, CNRS/IN2P3 et Region Pays de Loire, France; FWO-Vlaanderen and the Vlaamse Herculesstichting, Belgium; The U.K. groups acknowledge the support of the Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; We are grateful for the early support given by the sub-department of Particle Physics at Oxford and High Energy Physics at Imperial College London. We thank also our colleagues, the administrative and technical staffs of the SCK . CEN for their invaluable support for this project. Individuals have received support from the FWO-Vlaanderen and the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BelSpo) under the IUAP network programme; The STFC Rutherford Fellowship program and the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme (H2020-CoG)/ERC Grant Agreement n. 682474 (corresponding author); Merton College Oxford.
The next generation of very-short-baseline reactor experiments will require compact detectors operating at surface level and close to a nuclear reactor. This paper presents a new detector concept based on a composite solid scintillator technology. The detector target uses cubes of polyvinyltoluene interleaved with (LiF)-Li-6:ZnS(Ag) phosphor screens to detect the products of the inverse beta decay reaction. A multi-tonne detector system built from these individual cells can provide precise localisation of scintillation signals, making efficient use of the detector volume. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that a neutron capture efficiency of over 70% is achievable with a sufficient number of 6LiF: ZnS( Ag) screens per cube and that an appropriate segmentation enables a measurement of the positron energy which is not limited by gamma-ray leakage. First measurements of a single cell indicate that a very good neutron-gamma discrimination and high neutron detection efficiency can be obtained with adequate triggering techniques. The light yield from positron signals has been measured, showing that an energy resolution of 14%/root E(MeV) is achievable with high uniformity. A preliminary neutrino signal analysis has been developed, using selection criteria for pulse shape, energy, time structure and energy spatial distribution and showing that an antineutrino efficiency of 40% can be achieved. It also shows that the fine segmentation of the detector can be used to significantly decrease both correlated and accidental backgrounds. ; Agence Nationale de la Recherche grant [ANR-16-CE31-0018-03]; Institut Carnot Mines, France; CNRS/IN2P3 et Region Pays de Loire, France; FWO-Vlaanderen, Belgium; Vlaamse Herculesstichting, Belgium; Science AMP; Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; FWO-Vlaanderen; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BelSpo) under the IUAP network programme; STFC Rutherford Fellowship program; European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon Programme (H-CoG) / ERC Grant [682474]; Merton College Oxford ; This work was supported by the following funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche grant ANR-16-CE31-0018-03, Institut Carnot Mines, CNRS/IN2P3 et Region Pays de Loire, France; FWO-Vlaanderen and the Vlaamse Herculesstichting, Belgium; The U.K. groups acknowledge the support of the Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; We are grateful for the early support given by the sub-department of Particle Physics at Oxford and High Energy Physics at Imperial College London. We thank also our colleagues, the administrative and technical staffs of the SCK.CEN for their invaluable support for this project. Individuals have received support from the FWO-Vlaanderen and the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BelSpo) under the IUAP network programme; The STFC Rutherford Fellowship program and the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme (H2020-CoG) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 682474 (corresponding author); Merton College Oxford.
