Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Dedication -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables -- Figures -- Acknowledgments -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION -- Structures and History -- Meaning -- Structural Evolution -- Norms -- Summary -- 3. ENTREPRENEURSHIP -- Introduction -- Reproduction and Evolution of Transactive Networks -- Corporate Culture -- Market Culture -- Growth Ensembles in India -- The First Growth Ensemble 1956-1965 -- Some Corporate Cultures in the First Market Culture -- Market Culture in Steel and Engineering -- The Second Growth Ensemble 1966-(1975) -- Some Corporate Cultures of the Second Market Culture -- Market Culture in Agriculture and Fertilizers -- 4. THE STATE -- The Property Regime -- The Property Regime Interacting with the Market Culture -- The Image of Progress -- The Market Culture Acting upon the Image of Progress -- The Image of Progress Acting upon the Property Regime -- The Triangle of Reproduction -- Elaboration of the Dominant Alliance -- Crisis -- The Dominant Alliance in Society -- 5. THE FIRST DOMINANT ALLIANCE 1956-1965 -- Social Impediments -- The Property Regime -- The Property Regime Interacting with the Market Culture -- The Image of Progress -- The Implementing Coalition -- The Finance Ministry -- Ministry of Commerce and Industry -- Ministry of Steel and Heavy Industry -- The Image of Progress Acting upon the Property Regime -- The Market Culture Acting upon the Image of Progress -- Reproduction of the First Dominant Alliance -- 6. THE CRISIS -- 7. THE SECOND DOMINANT ALLIANCE 1966-1975 -- Social Impediments -- The Property Regime -- The Property Regime Interacting with the Market Culture -- The Image of Progress -- The Implementing Coalition -- The Prime Minister and the Planning Commission -- The Ministry of Food and Agriculture -- The Ministry of Finance -- Reserve Bank of India.

States and national movements discuss and conceive their interactions with others as narratives, which are stories with heroes, villains and a plot. The building blocks of these narratives are the categories of agent, character and acts, which are defined by constitutive rules. By maintaining narratives, actors are able to construct situations, make judgements about the intentions of other actors, and decide upon a course of action, all in a parsimonious way. Actors must assimilate concrete actions into their narratives by construing them as acts, which are components of the narratives. I provide an account of constitutive rules and social cognitive processes of inference by which actions are construed as acts. I show that in late colonial India the Muslim League constructed a narrative of betrayal by the Congress and was guided by it to call in 1940 for the creation of separate Muslim homelands.

Why the U.S. supported Pakistan. The alliance between the U.S. and the Pakistani military and bourgeoisie as a "client relationship."

Social structure is viewed as interaction animated by culture. Culture is modeled as comprising a system of transindividual Piagetian schemata guiding social action. Such a schema is reinforced when the action it mandates in some social setting yields the reactions from other people guided by their own schemata that fit its goal and expectations. An enduring social structure is a pattern of action that reproduces itself by stimulating and reinforcing the schemata animating its actions. These concepts are operationalized by a program written in PROLOG. The program takes as a knowledge base a representation of the preferences and judgments of social causality of subjects in some historical situation. It assembles schemata from this knowledge base that are stimulated by past actions of other subjects, and that then monitor the flow of action to see if the desired reactions to their action are forthcoming. The model is illustrated by simulating Skocpol's analysis of China's sociopolitical structure in the 1930s and O'Donnell's analysis of the Latin American bureaucratic-authoritarian structure of the 1960s.

The United States (US) and Pakistan developed a relationship during the Musharraf era of simultaneous cooperation and coercion against each other. Pakistan helped both the US and the Taliban in their war in Afghanistan. The US aided and reimbursed Pakistan, but also violated its sovereignty on a sustained basis. Realism, Liberalism and prominent varieties of Constructivism do not explain this interaction. The explanation offered here is that each state had certain persistent concepts it applied repeatedly as new situations arose. The concepts are drawn empirically from the policy discourses of the two states after the Musharraf coup, the 9/11 attacks, and during the middle 2000s when Pakistan's focus on Kashmir diminished but Taliban attacks in Afghanistan intensified. These concepts highlighted some aspects of these situations and occluded others. These descriptions of situations using these concepts formed episodes in situational narratives. The situational narratives do explain the observed interaction.

During the Cold War years, one could argue that the constraints of the bipolar rivalry dwarfed in large part the domestic idiosyncrasies of nations. Now, however, nations often define national interest in terms of particularistic domestic motivations and imperatives--a change that calls for systemic study of the effect of societal culture on foreign policy. This collection introduces the reader to the evolution of thinking about culturue and foreign policy. The authors also assess the current state of the field, clarify theoretical concepts and frameworks, and investigate approproate and innovative methodologies for empirical study