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We in this paper provide an analytical structure to endogenize the optimal gestational surrogacy contract in terms of a simple moral hazard framework. We show that altruistic surrogacy is optimal only if the surrogate has lower outside option and is sufficiently altruistic. Otherwise commercial surrogacy is optimal. We also show that for lower outside option greater social ignominy makes the surrogacy contract relatively more altruistic but the reverse happens when the surrogate has higher outside option. We also point to alternative model specifications and find situations where commercial surrogacy is always optimal irrespective of altruism, outside option and social ignominy.

AbstractWe study technology transfer in a spatial competition with two asymmetric licensees (firms) with an outside innovator who decides how many licenses to offer and the optimal licensing contract. We show the optimal licensing policy is pure royalty contract to both licensees leading to a complete diffusion of the new technology. The result holds irrespective of the cost differentials between the licensees and for innovation of all sizes, that is, drastic or non‐drastic. This robust finding although supports the dominance of royalty licensing in practice; however, consumers may not be necessarily better off. We also throw light on the situation where the innovator sells the patent right to one of the firms. Interestingly, we find that the inefficient firm acquires the new technology and further licenses it to the efficient rival.

AbstractWe examine when the price of technology is found through bargaining between the seller and the buyer and explore its effect on the innovation incentive. Selling the technology is preferred to licensing for the innovating firm. The possibility of selling increases the incentive for innovation compared to licensing for a range of high‐cost innovation, but reduces the incentive for a range of low‐cost innovation.

1. Introduction -- 2. Does an employment protection law matter? A panel data analysis of selected OECD countries, 1985-2012 -- 3. Network of legal citations: an analysis of some supreme court decisions on land acquisition in India -- 4. Surrogacy Contracting and Intermediation -- 5. Sharecropping in theory and practice: a selective review -- 6. Trade in Intermediate Goods, Endogenous Growth and Intellectual Property Rights -- 7. Multi-market Firms and Export Quota: Effects of Withdrawal of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement -- 8. Does foreign aid corrupt? : A theoretical note -- 9. Public-private Partnerships and Governance -- 10. Principles of Allocating Development Grant at Sub-National Level in India: A Suggested Methodology -- 11. Fiscal rule and social sector spending: A study of north east India -- 12. An Analysis on Impact of Employment Generation Policies on Rural Women in West Bengal, India -- 13. Poverty in Best Bengal: a review of recent performance and programmes -- 14. The Impact of MGNREGS on Rural Households: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment -- 15. Does parental education have any role to play on female child disadvantage?. 16. School attendance and employment of youth in India: Convergence across caste and religious groups? -- 17. Adverse Effect of Bio-mass Fuel use on Pregnancy Outcome in Rural India.

Gender discrimination has been an important socio-economic and cultural issue in Indian backdrop; though India is one of the fastest-growing nations in the world but she has ranked 108th (out of 144 countries) in 2016 on the global gender gap index. In order to explore the determinants of crimes (such as dowry death, rape, molestation and torture) in India, we consider 24 states and five time points (over 1995–2015). Rank correlation over time clearly suggests that states exhibiting higher incidence of molestation experience higher incidence of rape; we get similar results in case of torture and dowry death as well. We employ both global and local Moran's indices for dowry death, which has the least reporting bias, and observe that space as well as neighbourhood effect does matter; on the contrary, we find that other types of crimes vary randomly. Specifically, spatial panel regression results on dowry death clearly show that space along with neighbourhood effect does matter towards variations of dowry death; only two variables namely female work force participation and police station significantly reduce the incidence of dowry death.