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To the extent that China's population size or population growth rate causes environmental destruction, such damage has already been done over the last several centuries, especially in the most recent 50 years. The impacts of China's large population and continuing population increase are basically irreversible in the medium-term. But in the coming decades, the relatively low PRC population growth rate will be a minor continuing environmental problem. Other environmental effects associated with population will be twofold. First, China's current age structure is strongly skewed toward the working age groups, and the population aged between 15 and 64 will increase dramatically in the coming decade. This contributes to huge unmet current and future demand for employment. Because the legitimacy of the PRC government depends in part on its success in generating jobs, it will continue to endeavour to meet the challenge of employment generation. This imperative, aggravated by the age structure changes, can be expected to take precedence over environmental considerations where these goals conflict. Secondly, the rising living standards of China's population will contribute to further environmental deterioration. When an enormous population rapidly multiplies its per capita income, the impacts can be massive and ecologically destabilizing.

Questions about the one-child policy, the system of health and social services, the effect of political and economic reforms on the elderly, and other issues.

Die Autorin befaßt sich mit den gegenwärtig bereits zu konstatierenden sowie mit den prognostizierbaren Konsequenzen der Ein-Kind-Familienpolitik für die Entwicklung der Altersstruktur der VR China bis zum Jahr 2050. Diese Entwicklung wird geprägt durch den deutlichen Trend zu einer Überalterung der Gesellschaft und impliziert somit eine ernstzunehmende Gefährdung des Systems der familiären Alterssicherung. Des weiteren untersucht die Verfasserin die Auswirkungen der Wirtschaftsreformpolitik auf das weitgehend unterentwickelte System der sozialen Alterssicherung und informiert über die offizielle Reaktion auf die demographischen Entwicklungstrends sowie über die aktuelle innerchinesische Debatte über die Ein-Kind-Familien- und die Bevölkerungspolitik. (BIOst-Klk)

The period 1978–83 saw swift escalation of earlier policies to promote rapid fertility decline in China. The government attempted to remove pronatalist economic incentives and replace them with economic benefits to one-child families and economic penalties for those bearing two or more children. China's family planning programme became increasingly compulsory in tone and coercive in methods. The single-minded pursuit of low fertility and low population growth rates has thus far been successful, though an effective political reaction against the policy is possible in the future. Meanwhile, the field of demography, the scientific study of population, has once again become respectable in China and the country's demographers are gaining rapidly in sophistication. After three decades of statistical secrecy, the government has begun to release relatively detailed demographic data, thus greatly increasing world understanding of China's population situation.

Population trends in China between 1949-78. Low mortality and low fertility achieved during this period. Origins of the one-child limit. Demographic studies encouraged by the post-Mao government since 1978. Economic rewards and penalties for one-child programme. Methods used for practising birth control. Marriage, fertility, health and mortality trends since 1978. Urbanization and employment trends. Trends in gathering and reporting population statistics. (DÜI-Sen)

Shanghai is the largest city in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Once part of Kiangsu Province, it is now governed as an independent municipality consisting of the city proper and 10 suburban counties annexed to the city in 1958. Shanghai municipality ranks as the world's third most populous metropolitan area, after New York and Tokyo. However, if the rural residents of Shanghai municipality are excluded from the comparison, then Shanghai's urban population of 6 or 7 million ranks it within the 15 largest urban areas of the world.