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Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Case Study, Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1 Overview -- Introduction -- Importance, Nature, and Architecture of Regional Cooperation and Integration in Asia and the Pacific -- Multilateral Development Banks as Valuable Partners for Regional Cooperation and Integration -- Regional Cooperation and Integration and COVID-19 -- The Joint Multilateral Development Bank Report -- References -- 2 Innovating and Strengthening Cross-Border Collective Action -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Immediate Response to the COVID-19 Emergency: Benefits of Cross-Border Collective Action -- Planning for Mutually Beneficial Transition -- Cross-Border Collective Action for Recovery -- Key Lessons -- The Way Forward -- References -- 3 Quality Regional Connectivity -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Trade and Connectivity Resilient through the Pandemic but Challenges Remain -- Quality Infrastructure for Trade and Supply Chains -- Infrastructure and Net Zero Transition -- Green, Resilient, and Inclusive -- References -- 4 Inclusive Trade, Investment, and Migration -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Trade and Inequality -- Investment and Inequality -- Migration and Inequality -- Policies to Promote Inclusive Trade, Investment, and Migration -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 Regional Approaches to Support Air Pollution Management in South Asia -- Background -- Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Conclusions -- Annex: Methodology -- References -- 6 Multilateral Development Banks as Key Partners in Promoting Regional Cooperation and Integration -- Highlights -- How Multilateral Development Banks Promote Regional Cooperation and Integration -- Recovering from the Pandemic -- Key Messages and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Closing.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Highlights -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Economy and Trade -- 3 Participation in Global Value Chains -- 4 Specialization and Competitiveness -- 5 Special Topics -- The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation -- Agglomeration -- The COVID-19 Shock -- 6 Conclusion -- Appendixes -- References.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Executive Summary -- 1 Overview of the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Sector -- Role in Economic and Social Development -- Women in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises -- Access to Finance -- Assessment of Shortfalls and Opportunities -- 2 Key Stakeholders in Lending -- 3 The Role of the Banking Sector in Lending -- 4 Overview of the Microfinance Sector -- Introduction -- Regulatory Framework and Prudential Requirements -- Market Participants and Market Shares -- Financial Performance -- Portfolio Structure -- Average Microloan Size -- Products and Interest Rates -- Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- Microfinance Market Development -- Technical Assistance -- Appendixes -- 1 Participating Microfinance Organizations -- 2 Statistical Data -- 3 Microfinance Organizations Recommended for Participation in ADB's Sovereign Loan Program -- 4 Key Microfinance Organizations -- Futher Readings.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Highlights -- I. Introduction -- An Enhanced Framework for Measuring Regional Cooperation and Integration -- Trends in Regional Integration in Asia and the Pacific -- Looking Forward -- References -- II. About the Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index -- Evolution of the ARCII Framework -- Methodology Overview -- Interpretation -- References -- III. Measuring Regional Integration through the Enhanced ARCII Framework -- Key Findings and Results of the Enhanced ARCII Framework -- Main Trends in Dimensional Indexes -- Contribution to ARCII Dimensional Indexes by Indicator -- Regional Integration by Income Level -- Comparison of the Baseline and Enhanced ARCII Estimates -- Index Customization -- References -- IV. Balancing ARCII Downsides: Sensitivity Analysis and Robustness Checks -- Denominator Choice in ARCII Indicators -- Selection of Regional or Worldwide Normalization -- Regionalization Bias -- Spatial Autocorrelation Bias in ARCII Estimates and Correction -- Spatial Dependence: Why Does It Matter? -- References -- V. Conclusions and Way Forward -- Possible Extensions and Applications -- References -- Appendixes -- 1. Explanatory Note on the ARCII Framework -- 2. Dimensional Weights and Overall ARCII Estimates by Economy -- 3. Supplementary Information on Alternative Indicators.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Laying the Foundations -- 3. Enhancing Environmental Protection and Ecological Conservation -- 4. Transforming the Rural Economy -- 5. Developing Green Livable Cities -- 6. Investing in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation -- 7. Taking the Partnership Forward -- Appendix -- References.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Author Profiles -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1. Ensuring Inclusive Growth in Navigating Growth in the Lao PDR -- Introduction -- Three Decades of Economic Growth and Structural Change in the Lao PDR -- Sectoral Competitiveness in a Resource-Rich Developing Economy -- Growth in Agriculture and Tourism: Potential Linkages -- The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Agriculture and Tourism Sectors -- Overview of the Report -- 2. Agriculture's Contribution to Inclusive Growth in the Lao PDR -- Agriculture as a Driver of Inclusive Growth -- Relevant Agricultural Policies and Strategies that Shaped the Sector -- Agricultural Systems and Land Farmholdings -- Stature, Achievements, and Key Challenges in Agricultural Production in the Lao PDR -- Linkages between the Agriculture and Tourism Sectors in the Lao PDR -- Conclusion -- 3. Navigating Growth in Lao PDR Tourism -- Global Tourism Context -- Tourism in Southeast Asia -- Tourism in the Lao PDR -- Conclusion -- 4. Exploring Linkages between Tourism and Agriculture in the Lao PDR -- Introduction -- Tourism Clusters in the Lao PDR -- ADB Tourism Enterprise Surveys (2019 and 2020): Survey Design -- Conclusion -- 5. Fostering Inclusive Growth in the Lao PDR: The Roles of Tourism and Agriculture -- References.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- I. Summary -- II. Trends -- III. What Could Go Wrong? -- A. Financial Distress -- B. Market Distortions -- IV. Risk-Measurement, Sources, and Mitigants -- A. Financial Risk -- B. Business and/or Financial Decisions and Risk Management -- C. Country Risk -- D. Management Capacity -- E. Corporate Governance -- V. Additional Resources -- Appendix: Suggested Guidelines for Assessing Risk in the Commercial Financing of State-Owned Enterprises.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Boxes -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- I. Rationale for a New Strategic Framework -- A. Changing Subregion -- B. The Greater Mekong Subregion Program Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis -- II. Vision and Mission Statement -- III. Innovative Approaches -- A. Harnessing the Digital Revolution -- B. An Enhanced Spatial Approach to Development -- C. A Deeper Dialogue on Policies and Regulation, Underpinned by Knowledge-Based Solutions and Capacity Building -- D. Embracing Private Sector Solutions -- E. The Greater Mekong Subregion Program as an Open Platform -- F. Greater Mekong Subregion Program Results Framework -- IV. Pillars of the Strategy -- A. Community -- B. Connectivity -- C. Competitiveness -- D. Other Areas of Cooperation -- V. Institutional, Programming, and Monitoring Arrangements -- A. Institutional Strengthening -- B. Strengthened Programming, Monitoring, Coordination, Partnerships, and Financing.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- I. Purpose -- II. COVID-19 Impact -- III. Greater Mekong Subregion National Recovery Plans -- IV. Response and Recovery Plan for COVID-19 -- V. Pillars of the Plan -- Pillar 1 - Protecting Lives-A One Health Approach -- Pillar 2 - Protecting the Vulnerable and Poor -- Pillar 3 - Keeping Borders Open and Accelerating Inclusive Economic Activity -- VI. Implementing the COVID-19 Response and Recovery Plan -- Appendix: List of Projects Supporting the GMS COVID-19 Response and Recovery Plan, 2021-2023.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Highlights -- Introduction -- The Core of the Digital Economy: A Proposed Framework -- Defining the Core of the Digital Economy -- Hardware -- Software Publishing -- Web Publishing -- Telecommunications Services -- Specialized and Support Services -- Evolution of Digital Products and Industries through Time -- Measurement Framework -- Deriving Gross Domestic Product in Terms of Leontief Inverse Coefficients -- Disaggregating Gross Domestic Product across Users and Suppliers of Value-Added -- Quantifying the Digital Economy in a Two-Industry Economy -- Quantifying the Digital Economy in a Simple Three-Industry Economy without Capital Formation -- Integrating Gross Fixed Capital Formation of the Digital Economy in a Three-Industry Economy -- Quantifying the Digital Economy in an n-Industry Economy -- The Core Digital Economy Equation -- Methodological Requirements -- Supply and Use Tables and Input-Output Tables -- Uniformity Across National Tables -- Disaggregating Products and Industries -- Construction of the Multiregional Input-Output Tables with Digital Sectors -- Limitations of the Framework -- Digital Economy Estimates -- Contribution of the Digital Economy to Gross Domestic Product in Developing Economies -- Declining Prices and Increasing Productivity of Core Digital Products -- The Digital Economy as a Supplier and User of Goods and Services -- Varying Concentration of the Digital Economy across Digital Subsectors -- Impact of Sector Linkages of Digital Sectors -- The Digitally Dependent Economy -- Identifying Digitally Enabled Sectors Using Forward Linkages -- Emergence of E-Commerce and E-Government in a Majority of Economies -- Digitally Disrupted Sectors -- Increasing Overall Direct Digital Dependence among Economies.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Synopsis -- Introduction -- Constraints Facing Subnational Governments in the Implementation of Their Responsibilities -- Recommendations -- 1. Strengthen the Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Framework -- 2. Further Develop the Capacities of Subnational Governments -- 3. Promote Local Accountability and Transparency -- Subnational Governance in Mongolia: Institutional and Policy Context -- A. Institutional Structures -- 1. Subnational Government Institutions -- 2. Subnational Government Resources -- 3. Central Policy and Oversight Bodies -- 4. Accountabilities to Citizens and Civil Society -- B. Local Development Role for Subnational Governments in Mongolia -- 1. Policy Stance toward Decentralization -- 2. Overall Framework for Subnational Governance: Issues -- 3. The Role of Subnational Governments and the Levers of Local Public Action: Preview -- Subnational Governance and Service Delivery in Practice -- A. Service Delivery Spending Responsibilities -- 1. Legal Mandates -- 2. Spending Patterns in Practice -- 3. Budget Expenditure Norms -- B. Financing Resources -- 1. Own-Source Revenues -- 2. Fiscal Transfers -- 3. Subnational Government Resources and Equity Patterns -- C. Planning, Budgeting, and Delivery Procedures -- 1. Strategic and Medium-Term Planning -- 2. Annual Planning and Budgeting Preparation and Execution -- Broader Subnational Government Roles in Local Development -- A. Managing Urban Development -- 1. Challenges and Opportunities -- 2. Issues on Urban Management -- B. Governments Promoting Local Economic Development -- 1. Challenges and Opportunities -- 2. Issues in Local Economic Development -- C. Regulating Extractive Industries and Conserving the Environment -- 1. Context and Challenges.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Definitions and assumptions -- Abbreviations -- ADO 2020-Highlights -- Part 1 Asia reels from the COVID-19 outbreak -- After a difficult 2019, challenges mount -- The impact of COVID-19 on developing Asia-An update -- Annex: Tumbling global growth in a time of COVID-19 -- Part 2 What drives innovation in Asia? -- Innovating for inclusive and sustainable growth -- Landscape of innovation in Asia -- Fostering innovators and a culture of innovation -- Conducive institutions and environment for innovators -- Toward a more innovative Asia -- Part 3 Economic trends and prospects in developing Asia -- Central Asia -- Armenia -- Azerbaijan -- Georgia -- Kazakhstan -- Kyrgyz Republic -- Tajikistan -- Turkmenistan -- Uzbekistan -- East Asia -- Hong Kong, China -- Mongolia -- People's Republic of China -- Republic of Korea -- Taipei,China -- South Asia -- Afghanistan -- Bangladesh -- Bhutan -- India -- Maldives -- Nepal -- Pakistan -- Sri Lanka -- Southeast Asia -- Brunei Darussalam -- Cambodia -- Indonesia -- Lao People's Democratic Republic -- Malaysia -- Myanmar -- Philippines -- Singapore -- Thailand -- Timor-Leste -- Viet Nam -- The Pacific -- Fiji -- Papua New Guinea -- Solomon Islands -- Vanuatu -- Central Pacific economies -- North Pacific economies -- South Pacific economies -- Statistical appendix.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- About This Report -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- Main Observations -- I. Introduction -- A. Taxation in the Aging Society -- B. Strengthening Revenue Mobilization with Rapid Urbanization -- C. Emerging Tax Issues from Sectoral Shifts -- D. Tax Policy for Promoting Competitiveness -- E. Digital Transformation of Revenue Bodies -- II. Tax Administration and Revenue Profile -- A. Tax Administration Setup and Performance -- B. Revenue Profile -- C. Management of Important Taxpayer Segments -- D. Tax Revenue Mobilization Plans -- III. Strengthening Revenue and Broadening the Tax Base -- A. Corporate Income Tax and Value-Added Tax -- B. Personal Income Tax Systems -- C. Subnational Taxation -- D. Social Security Contributions -- E. Crosscutting Issues -- IV. Responsive Tax Administration -- A. Reducing Compliance Costs -- B. Providing Certainty -- C. Increasing Trust and Perceptions of Professionalism -- V. Conclusion -- A. Short- and Medium-Term Policy Recommendations -- B. Long-Term Policy Recommendations -- C. Ways Forward for ADB Engagement in Southeast Asia -- Appendix: Country Tax Profiles -- Brunei Darussalam -- Cambodia -- Indonesia -- Lao People's Democratic Republic -- Malaysia -- Philippines -- Singapore -- Thailand -- Timor-Leste -- Viet Nam -- Appendix Notes and References -- Revenue Bodies -- References.