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Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Highlights -- Data Notes -- Abbreviations -- Migration and Remittances: Top Countries -- South-South Migration versus South-North Migration -- Remittances Compared with Other Resource Flows -- World -- Developing Countries -- Regional Tables -- East Asia and Pacific -- Europe and Central Asia -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Middle East and North Africa -- South Asia -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Income-Group Tables -- Low-Income Countries -- Middle-Income Countries -- High-Income OECD Countries -- High-Income Non-OECD Countries

Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Objectives -- Methodology -- Structure and Themes of Report -- Stakeholder Consultations -- Notes -- Chapter 2 Background to the Somaliland Private Sector -- The Setting -- The Size and Structure of the Somaliland Private Sector -- The Enabling Environment for Business -- Societal and Cultural Assets -- Current Initiatives in Private Sector Development -- Notes -- Chapter 3 Enterprise Performance -- Sales and Jobs -- Key Enterprise Constraints -- Some Entry Points for New Employment -- Policy Priorities for the Enterprise Sector -- Notes -- Chapter 4 Financial Inclusion and Product Diversification -- The Financial Sector in Somaliland -- Remittances -- Financial Products -- The Current Legal and Regulatory Environment -- Policy Priorities for the Financial Sector -- Notes -- Chapter 5 The Government Regulatory and Promotional Role -- The Government Sector in Somaliland -- The Business Demand for Government Services -- The Supply of Government Services -- Development of a Capacity-building Strategy -- Policy Priorities for the Government Sector -- Notes -- Chapter 6 Economic Governance and Political Economy Choices -- The Evolving Challenges to Somaliland Economic Governance -- Managing Change with Structural Transformation -- Chapter 7 Conclusion -- The Political Economy at Work -- Private Sector Development and Jobs Creation- Policy Choices for the Future -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Boxes -- ES.1 The Somaliland Private Sector -- ES.2 Enhancing Enterprise Performance-Policy Options for the Short and Medium Term -- ES.3 Strengthening Financial Sector Inclusiveness and Diversification-Policy Options for the Short and Medium Term -- ES.4 Strengthening Government PSD Regulatory and Promotional Capacity.

Global growth is expected to be 2.8 percent in 2015, but is expected to pick up to 3.2 percent in 2016-17. Growth in developing countries and some high-income countries is set to disappoint again this year. The prospect of rising borrowing costs will compound the challenges many developing countries are facing as they adapt to an era of low commodity prices. Risks to this outlook remain tilted to the downside. This edition of Global Economic Prospects includes two Special Features that analyze the policy challenges raised by the two transitions in developing countries: the risks associated wit

Fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) have become an important focus of World Bank Group assistance in recent years as recognition of the linkages between fragility, conflict, violence, and poverty has grown. Addressing issues of recurring conflict and political violence and helping build legitimate and accountable state institutions are central to the Bank Group's poverty reduction mission. This evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of World Bank Group country strategies and assistance programs to FCS. The operationalization of the World Development Report 2011: Conflict, S

Over the last decade, a policy revolution has been underway in the developing and emerging world. Country after country is systematically providing non-contributory transfers to poor and vulnerable people, in order to protect them against economic shocks and to enable them to invest in themselves and their children. Social safety nets or social transfers, as these are called, have spread rapidly from their early prominence in the middle-income countries of Latin America and Europe increasingly to nations in Africa, Asia and the Middle East - and today, over 130 developing countries have made investments in social safety nets an important pillar of economic development policies. The statistics and analysis in The State of Social Safety Nets 2015 capture this revolution, and reveal it in many dimensions at the country, regional, and international levels. This latest edition of a periodic series brings together a large body of data that was not previously available, drawing on the World Bank's ASPIRE database and other sources. Why have so many countries made a firm commitment to incorporate social safety nets as part of their social and economic policy architecture? Because social safety nets work. This report also reports on the rigorous evidence that demonstrates their impact, and also points the way to making them even more efficient and effective at meeting their development goals. This latest edition of a periodic series brings together a large body of data that was not previously available, drawing on the World Bank's ASPIRE database and other sources to examine trends in coverage, spending, and safety nets program performance.

The unanticipated spike in international food prices in 2007-08 hit many developing countries hard. International prices for food and other agricultural products increased by more than 100 percent between early 2007 and mid-2008. Prices for food cereals more than doubled; and those for rice doubled in the space of just a few months. The food price increases were particularly hard on the poor and near-poor in developing countries, many of whom spend a large share of their income on food and have limited means to cope with price shocks. An estimated 1.29 billion people in 2008 lived on less than

Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Governance of ICP 2011 -- Regional and Country Coverage -- Methodology and Innovations -- ICP 2011 versus ICP 2005 -- The ICP 2011 Results: An Overview -- Organization of This Report -- Chapter 1 Background -- Organization of ICP 2011 -- The ICP Approach to GDP Comparisons -- Exchange Rates -- Purchasing Power Parities -- Price Level Indexes -- Real Expenditures -- Actual Individual Consumption -- Uses of PPPs and Real Expenditures -- Chapter 2 Presentation and Analysis of Results -- Presentation of Results -- Analysis of Results -- Reliability and Limitations of PPPs and Real Expenditures -- Differences between the 2005 and 2011 Comparisons -- Comparing 2011 PPPs Extrapolated from ICP 2005 and ICP 2011 Benchmark PPPs -- Chapter 3 Data Requirements -- Conceptual Framework -- Surveys and Data Collection -- Data Validation -- Chapter 4 Methodologies Used to Calculate Regional and Global PPPs -- Household Consumption -- Comparison-Resistant Components -- Reference PPPs -- Aggregating Linked Basic Heading PPPs to GDP -- Special Situations -- Imputing PPPs for Nonparticipating Economies -- Appendix A: History of the International Comparison Program (ICP) -- Appendix B: Governance of ICP 2011 -- Appendix C: Eurostat-OECD PPP Programme -- Eurostat-OECD Comparisons -- Organization of the 2011 Comparison -- Data Collection for the 2011 Comparison -- Calculation and Aggregation of PPPS -- Additional Information -- Appendix D: ICP Expenditure Classification -- Deriving Actual Individual Consumption -- Facilitating the Input Price Approach -- Adjusting the Household Expenditure to the National Concept -- Appendix E: National Accounts: Estimation, Compliance, and Exhaustiveness -- Estimation -- Compliance and Exhaustiveness.

Cover -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Fiscal Year of the Global Environment Facility and the World Bank Group -- Acknowledgments -- Program at a Glance: The Global Environment Facility -- Key Bank Staff Responsible During Period Under Review -- Glossary -- Executive Summary -- Secretariat Management Comments: The Global Environment Facility -- Management Comments: The World Bank Group -- Chairperson's Summary: Subcommittee of the Committee on Development Effectiveness -- 1 Introduction, Purpose, and Methodology -- Purpose of the Review -- Scope of the Review -- Organization of the Review -- Methodology -- 2 Evolution of the GEF and its Partnership with the World Bank Group -- Initial Establishment and Restructuring -- Agency Numbers and Direct Access -- Reforms of Administrative Fees -- The Earth Fund and IFC Delegated Authority -- Conclusions -- 3 Mutual Relevance -- Relevance of the World Bank Group to the GEF -- Relevance of the GEF from the Perspective of the World Bank Group -- Conclusions -- 4 Division of Labor and Inter-Organizational Coordination between the World Bank Group and the GEF -- Characterization of the World Bank Group-GEF Project Cycle -- IFC-GEF Coordination Arrangements -- Project-Cycle Issues -- Secondary Evidence -- Harmonizing the World Bank and GEF Project Cycles: Procedures and First Experiences -- Conclusions -- 5 Portfolio Evolution and Project Effectiveness -- Overview of the World Bank's GEF Project Portfolio -- Overview of the IFC's GEF Portfolio -- Effectiveness and Sustainability of World Bank-Implemented GEF Projects -- Effectiveness and Sustainability IFC-Implemented GEF Projects -- Conclusions -- 6 Experiences with Catalytic Approaches in the World Bank Group-GEF Partnership -- Co-financing and Leveraging -- Innovation, Demonstration, and Replication -- Associated and Blended World Bank-GEF Projects.

IEG's evaluation shows that the World Bank Group remained an important partner for the government in addressing many key policy challenges. The World Bank adapted its program effectively to meet shifting country needs, which shifted to subnational government support in the mid-2000s. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) provided useful advisory support for structuring public-private partnership projects and trade finance during the 2008-09 global financial crisis. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) concentrated its activities on the electricity transmission subsector. I

This Public Expenditure Review (PER) provides an integrated perspective on Iraq's need to provide better public service delivery, while maintaining macroeconomic stability and fiscal discipline. The achievement of these objectives unfolds within a challenging context of revenue volatility, the need to diversify the economy, weak accountability mechanisms, and residual conflict. Reflecting these challenges, key socio-economic developmental indicators are stalled or even declining despite rapid growth in public spending. Indeed, the review shows that growth in spending has not been matched by ab

Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- About Women, Business and the Law -- Key Findings -- Spotlight on Violence Against Women -- The Default Marital Property Regime and Women's Entrepreneurship: The Case of Chile -- Constitutional Reform and Women's Rights: The Case of Kenya -- Laws on Sexual Harassment and Domestic Violence in South Asia -- References -- Data notes -- Economy Tables -- Pilot Data Tables -- Acknowledgments

International Debt Statistics (IDS) 2013 is a continuation of the World Bank's publications Global Development Finance, Volume II (1997 through 2009) and the earlier World Debt Tables (1973 through 1996). IDS 2013 provides statistical tables showing the external debt of 128 developing countries that report public and publicly guaranteed external debt to the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System (DRS). It also includes tables of key debt ratios for individual reporting countries and the composition of external debt stocks and flows for individual reporting countries and regional and income group

This study identifies three priority areas for India's policymakers as they try to harness economic efficiency and manage spatial equity associated with urbanization. First, to enhance productivity, invest in the institutional and information foundations to enable land and housing markets to function efficiently, while deregulating the intensity of land use in urban areas. This measure would require better coordination between planning for land use and planning for infrastructure, such that densification can be accompanied by infrastructure improvements. An incremental model of experimentation focusing on a few areas-say, around infrastructure corridors and neighborhoods-and then scaling up based on community-level consensus building can help in implementing densification reforms.Second, to improve livability, rationalize the rules of the game for delivering and expanding infrastructure services, such that providers can recover costs yet reach out to poorer neighborhoods and peripheral areas. Third, for better mobility, invest in improving connectivity between metropolitan cores and their peripheries, as these are the areas that will attract the bulk of people and businesses over the medium term. Connectivity improvements include investments in network infrastructure and logistics to facilitate movement of goods, while also easing mobility for people.Land policy, infrastructure services, and connectivity-coordinated improvements in this triad can help India reap dividends from improved spatial equity and greater economic efficiency that comes with urbanization.

Enhancing the Capabilities of Central Finance Agencies: Synthesis Report presents the findings of a study of the functions performed by CFAs, defined as government organizations that carry out financial management functions for the whole of government. Using a political economy approach to the analysis of CFAs in ten case studies of low-income countries, the report identifies the principal constraints on the capability of CFAs as: interventions by the head of the state, sometimes outside the provisions of the constitution and budget law, in executive decisions on the institutional arrangements and fiscal policy; deficiencies in management, ranging from excessively centralized and hierarchical decision-making processes to poor staff management and record keeping; and inadequate coordination among donors-and between donors and their clients in finance and planning ministries-in designing and implementing strategies for reforming CFAs and PFM systems. Drawing on results of the cross-country survey of CFAs, the first of its kind, the report presents evidence and offers explanations for an "inverted U-curve" for the concentration of central finance functions across country income groups. In low-income countries, CFA functions are often poorly defined and may be performed by agencies other than the Finance Ministry, leading to fragmented and inconsistent policy implementation. Middle income countries tend to concentrate central finance functions in the Finance Ministry to strengthen their control. In high-income countries, Finance Ministries tend to retain control of policy but delegate operational functions to specialized agencies. The report will be of interest to country authorities seeking to improve coordination across central finance functions and other stakeholders in the reform process.

This report provides Mayors and other policymakers with a policy framework and diagnostic tools to anticipate and implement strategies that can avoid their cities from locking into irreversible physical and social structures. At the core of the policy framework are the three main dimensions of urban development. Planning- where the focus is on making land transactions easier, and making land use regulations more responsive to emerging needs especially to coordinate land use planning with infrastructure, natural resource management, and risks from hazards; Connecting-where the focus is on making a city's markets (for labor, goods, and services) more accessible to neighborhoods in the city and to other cities. Here the focus is also on investing in public transport, and pricing private transport fully; and Financing- where the focus is on how a city can leverage its own assets to finance new assets for example, through land value capture, establishing creditworthiness for local governments and utilities to access domestic debt and bond markets and how to set clear and consistent rules to attract private investors to create jobs in cities.This report also distills lessons from prototypes urbanization diagnostics which have been piloted to reflect challenges for countries at nascent (Uganda, Vietnam), intermediate (China, India, Indonesia), and mature (Brazil, Colombia, South Korea, Turkey) urbanization. These diagnostics under the World Bank's Urbanization Review program have engaged strategic counterparts, such as those in national ministries of finance and planning, in thinking about policy choices that influence urbanization and city development.