Suchergebnisse

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND OR ONE OF A KIND CASE
Switzerland has a unique political system, because of its institutional curiosities and unique democratic procedures. It seems that everyone should be surprised by the same state construction that dialectically combines confederation with federation. The Swiss political system represents a rare model of assembly government, known also as parliamentary-committee system. Its main trait is the lack of power division as a foundation of democratic order. Bicameral parliament – the Federal Assembly, composed of the National Council as representation of people and the Council of States representing the cantons acts as supreme authority and appoints all remaining federal institutions. The mode of election of the National Council is based on strict proportional representation without electoral thresholds and with maximal openness of the whole electoral process. The Federal Council that is popularly considered as government is executive institution and always has seven members. The Swiss governments acts as a collective body without prime minister. One of the members of the Federal Council serves as president. He has only formal procedural duties and has no political prerogatives. And, what is important, contrary to the name of his office, the president is not head of federation, because this role falls to the entire Federal Council. Four strongest political parties of country are represented in the government, and in a result of this, the permanent cooperation of the Swiss system makes a unique consensus democracy.

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS
Leadership is needed in each human community and common activity. It is most natural the area of politics, power and state. Politics is inseparably connected with leadership. Political leadership is unique power, it is a combination of leadership skills with the ability to inspire human behaviours in the social scale. Political leader has power over people as a result of their authority or by force. They can be either a democrat or a dictator. However, in all cases a political leader somebody more than ordinary politician, becoming positive or negative political giant.

Giovanni Sartori as a PhilosopherGiovanni Sartori, one of the most outstanding world political scientists, a "fullyfledged political scientist" – according to Gianfranco Pasquino's opinion, was by education a philosopher and he has started his academic career on a philosophical plane. Philosophical writings of Sartori are not widely well-known, because they have been published practically only in Italian. Certainly, Sartori did not elaborate his own philosophical system, however, he was an expert and an avid analyst of Kant, Hegel, Marx and Croce. In the philosophical sense Sartori was a Kantist. He looked at Kant admiringly, was distanced from Hegel and was strongly critical of Marx. Although it needs to be stressed that Sartori focused his attention on Benedetto Croce, the greatest Italian philosopher of XX century, whose oeuvre he judged ambiguously.

Giovanni Sartori's Methodology of Political Science
Giovanni Sartori, one of the greatest world's political scientist, was also very interesting in methodology of political science. In his opinion methodology is more the method of logos, of thinking than specific research techniques. He wrote: There is no methodology without logos, without thinking about thinking. Sartori strongly expressed regret that the today's mainstream of political science is mainly quantitative and statistical, not qualitative. According to his standpoint political scientists should be strongly interested in the question "What is?", before asking "How much?". Sartori is admirer of the qualitative approach to methodology. This approach is based on logically defined concepts and the careful and precise use of language, because bad language generates bad thinking.