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This study explores the potential and challenges of applying behavioural interventions to promote micro-mobility adoption. Our online experiments with New York City residents showed that nudges and faming improved respondents' willingness to adopt e-scooters significantly. Moreover, our experiments spanned over the pre-, during- and post- COVID-19 lockdown period in New York City. Findings from this natural experiment revealed that the effect of these behavioural interventions varied significantly during the pandemic, likely due to a heightened level of health consciousness and a new perspective regarding social interactions. Behavioural tools cannot be taken off-the-shelf and applied as a blanket policy. Individual and group characteristics have to be assessed to devise the pre-eminent behavioural interventions for a particular target audience. More experiments across a wide range of economic, social, cultural, and political settings are needed to guide the application of behavioural interventions in transportation studies. ; National Natural Science Foundation of China

Mega-event regeneration involves extensive government funds and public participation; thus, this study emphasises the importance of verifying if these financial and human investments can be justified by the net effects of mega-event regeneration. Accordingly, the contingent valuation method is used to establish a framework to quantify the welfare effects of event regeneration from the economic, social and environmental perspectives. We proposed a theoretical framework that enables the ranking of various event regeneration effects based on public welfare improvement. This holistic approach takes into account changes in economic, environmental, and social housing conditions due to mega-event simultaneously. This leads to more reliable estimation of mega-event effects on housing market. Our empirical findings indicate that, overall, accessible public transport, a sense of feeling good, air quality, relieved traffic congestion and green space are the top five welfare enhancers. Nevertheless, residents from different housing sectors or geographic regions value mega-event effects differently. Our results can assist the government to efficiently allocate limited public resources by looking after public needs. A better understanding of the heterogeneity of event regeneration effects on different housing sectors and geographic locations will also help governments to tailor public policies based on various social groups.

The non-agricultural employment transfer of the rural labor force has fundamentally changed the labor input in China in recent decades. A good understanding of how the off-farm employment of rural laborers affects agricultural land use in China is needed. We use the Driscoll and Kraay standard errors fixed effects model to investigate the relationship between rural laborers' off-farm employment and agricultural land use efficiency based on a panel data of 1,961 counties in China. We find that the distribution of county-level agricultural land use efficiency is heavily skewed to the right, with many counties below the national average efficiency level. We also identify a robust U-shaped relationship between off-farm employment and the change in agricultural land use efficiency, indicating that the substitution effect of capital and technology for rural labor has changed from weak to strong. The findings have important policy implications for the joint reform of the household registration (hukou) system and the rural land use system (i.e., the Three Rights Separation Reform) in China. Using the criteria derived from empirical analysis, we also perform content analysis to assess 20 rural land use policies implemented between 2014 and 2020. We find that these documents covered the three important areas to improve rural land use efficiency, that is, rural-urban mobility, rural land rights market development, and rural land rights protection. Although a synergy among the three areas has not yet been achieved, the central government has already put in place policies to enable and support coordinated actions in the three areas. The lessons learned from China also serve as a helpful reference for addressing the challenge of rural labor loss in other developing countries. ; ESRC