Suchergebnisse

"Judgment, Decision-Making and Success in Sport introduces the fundamental approaches of Judgment and Decision-Making (JDM) research in psychology and applies them directly to a variety of JDM problems in sport"--

This research is an initial attempt to sociologically investigate women in Israeli elite sport. Theoretically, this work is based mainly on the segmentation of the labor market approach. The frequency, percentages and proportion of Israeli male to female participation in both the Olympic and Maccabiah Games held between 1932 and 1992 have shown considerable stability (about 3-4 men per 1 woman), with the Olympic Games having a somewhat lower female participation rate. Women were found to participate in an increasingly growing number of types of sports over time. However, Duncan and Duncan's (1955) index of dissimilarity revealed high/average and stable levels of differentiation by gender in the Olympic and Maccabiah Games, respectively. In addition, Oppenheimer's (1970) measures revealed extremely high and stable concentration of women in separate "female" types of sports, especially in the Olympic Games. On all estimates, indices and measures, Olympic and Maccabiah Games tend to become more similar over time. It can be concluded that a stable (occupational) differentation of women exists in Israeli elite sport, which is high in the Olympic games and average to high in the Maccabiah Games. Professionalism seems to play a major role in explaining these tendencies, which is generally in line with the segmentation of the labor market approach.

Four modes of behavior considered contrary to expectations and all associated with rules and norms of competition are investigated in this study within the context of psychological crisis. These behaviors are against the rules of the competitive situation and are (a) either fair or
unfair, and (b) either called or not called by the officials. Twent-eight basketball experts responded to a "rule- and norm-related behavior" questionnaire. The experts were asked to assess the crisis relevance of the four behavioral modes. The Bayesian likelihood ratio (diagnosticity)
was applied for assessing each behavior mode. Results revealed that officials' calls and fairness of violations substantially influence the diagnostic relevance of behaviors contrary to expectations with regard to competitive psychological crisis. Theoretical and practical aspects are
discussed by the authors.

AbstractConsumers are often exposed to causal claims (e.g., a new pill that claims to treat acne) that are occasionally accompanied by data indicating that the product (target) performed better than another product (referent). In this study, we examined the effect of such data on persuasion as a function of target–referent similarity in causal features. Consistent with current theorizing suggesting that structural and specific preexisting causal knowledge affects data interpretation, we propose that data that are consistent with expectations will be more persuasive than data that are inconsistent with expectations. Specifically, we contend that the structural schema "control of variables" we use leads us to expect that two categories (products) that are similar in features will perform the same and two categories that differ in features will differ in performance. In addition, our specific knowledge on causal powers leads us to expect the target to perform better than the referent only if it has more causal features. Thus, when confronted with data indicating a target performed better than a referent with fewer causal features, the reasoner will find it easier to explain the data, and hence, the difference in performance will be perceived as larger, and the message will be more persuasive (e.g., belief in the causal claim and willingness to purchase the product) than when the target has the same causal features as the referent. The results of three studies revealed the expected pattern for different products, promising different effects in different communication contexts.

PurposeLocal authorities around the world provide different forms and different amounts of direct and/or indirect assistance to professional sport teams, which in most cases are owned by private business entrepreneurs. Findings from various studies indicate that professional sports teams do not make a significant contribution to a city in terms of its economy, tourism or even image. The purpose of this paper is to explore and question, from a local public policy standpoint, the justification for financial assistance from the local authority to privately owned professional sports teams that provide a public service or a public good.Design/methodology/approachIn order to shed light on the process, a two‐staged study was used: an examination of the financial subsidies of ten cities in Israel, focusing in particular on Herzliya, an affluent community north of Tel Aviv. In the second stage, a representative sample of Herzliya's adult residents (18 years old and above) was surveyed with regard to the city's current policy on sports and the policy they would like to see enacted.FindingsThe findings show that both public officials and professional sports officials place subsidizing popular sports rather than professional sports higher on their priorities. The study concludes that the combination of a number of processes has brought about a democratic deficit.Originality/valueLack of transparency and the exclusion of the public in decision making processes has led to a democratic deficit in the local authorities. Once it was armed with empirical information and included in the decision making process, the public was able to reallocate the budget to meet its needs.