Suchergebnisse

International audience ; In Idaho and Montana just like in the rest of the U.S. Rocky Mountains, a part of the population wants to settle near forests perceived as environmental amenities. The regional net migration has been positive for about twenty-five years. Wildfires with variable intensity regularly destroy properties. Some of them kill people. Regionally, they are an important human, economic, political and environmental issue. Their significance is likely to increase due to global warming. A lot of these fires are ignited within the huge national forests of the montane zone (600 to 2,100 meters of elevation in the study area) dominated by Ponderosa pines and Douglas firs. Between the end of the conquest of the West and the 1970s, land uses have altered these forests and the fire regimes that affect them. For about four decades, managers have been involved in a partial and controversial restoration of pre-conquest fire regimes and forests they used to shape.

International audience ; En Idaho et au Montana comme dans le reste des Montagnes Rocheuses états-uniennes, une partie de la population souhaite s'installer à proximité immédiate des aménités paysagères forestières. Le solde migratoire régional est fortement positif depuis un quart de siècle. Des feux de végétation d'intensité variable y détruisent des propriétés à intervalles réguliers. Certains de ces feux sont meurtriers. Ils constituent un enjeu régional humain, économique, politique et environnemental dont la portée risque de s'accroître dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique. Bon nombre de ces feux démarrent dans les immenses forêts nationales de la zone montagnarde (600 à 2100 mètres d'altitude dans la région étudiée) dominée par des pins Ponderosa et par des sapins Douglas. Entre la fin de la conquête de l'Ouest et les années 1970, les impacts anthropogéniques ont fait évoluer ces forêts et les régimes de feu auxquels elles sont soumises. Depuis une quarantaine d'années, les gestionnaires ont amorcé une restauration partielle et controversée des régimes de feu d'autrefois et des espaces qu'ils contribuent à façonner.

International audience ; En Idaho et au Montana comme dans le reste des Montagnes Rocheuses états-uniennes, une partie de la population souhaite s'installer à proximité immédiate des aménités paysagères forestières. Le solde migratoire régional est fortement positif depuis un quart de siècle. Des feux de végétation d'intensité variable y détruisent des propriétés à intervalles réguliers. Certains de ces feux sont meurtriers. Ils constituent un enjeu régional humain, économique, politique et environnemental dont la portée risque de s'accroître dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique. Bon nombre de ces feux démarrent dans les immenses forêts nationales de la zone montagnarde (600 à 2100 mètres d'altitude dans la région étudiée) dominée par des pins Ponderosa et par des sapins Douglas. Entre la fin de la conquête de l'Ouest et les années 1970, les impacts anthropogéniques ont fait évoluer ces forêts et les régimes de feu auxquels elles sont soumises. Depuis une quarantaine d'années, les gestionnaires ont amorcé une restauration partielle et controversée des régimes de feu d'autrefois et des espaces qu'ils contribuent à façonner.

International audience ; In Idaho and Montana just like in the rest of the U.S. Rocky Mountains, a part of the population wants to settle near forests perceived as environmental amenities. The regional net migration has been positive for about twenty-five years. Wildfires with variable intensity regularly destroy properties. Some of them kill people. Regionally, they are an important human, economic, political and environmental issue. Their significance is likely to increase due to global warming. A lot of these fires are ignited within the huge national forests of the montane zone (600 to 2,100 meters of elevation in the study area) dominated by Ponderosa pines and Douglas firs. Between the end of the conquest of the West and the 1970s, land uses have altered these forests and the fire regimes that affect them. For about four decades, managers have been involved in a partial and controversial restoration of pre-conquest fire regimes and forests they used to shape.

International audience ; En Idaho et au Montana comme dans le reste des Montagnes Rocheuses états-uniennes, une partie de la population souhaite s'installer à proximité immédiate des aménités paysagères forestières. Le solde migratoire régional est fortement positif depuis un quart de siècle. Des feux de végétation d'intensité variable y détruisent des propriétés à intervalles réguliers. Certains de ces feux sont meurtriers. Ils constituent un enjeu régional humain, économique, politique et environnemental dont la portée risque de s'accroître dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique. Bon nombre de ces feux démarrent dans les immenses forêts nationales de la zone montagnarde (600 à 2100 mètres d'altitude dans la région étudiée) dominée par des pins Ponderosa et par des sapins Douglas. Entre la fin de la conquête de l'Ouest et les années 1970, les impacts anthropogéniques ont fait évoluer ces forêts et les régimes de feu auxquels elles sont soumises. Depuis une quarantaine d'années, les gestionnaires ont amorcé une restauration partielle et controversée des régimes de feu d'autrefois et des espaces qu'ils contribuent à façonner.

International audience ; In Idaho and Montana just like in the rest of the U.S. Rocky Mountains, a part of the population wants to settle near forests perceived as environmental amenities. The regional net migration has been positive for about twenty-five years. Wildfires with variable intensity regularly destroy properties. Some of them kill people. Regionally, they are an important human, economic, political and environmental issue. Their significance is likely to increase due to global warming. A lot of these fires are ignited within the huge national forests of the montane zone (600 to 2,100 meters of elevation in the study area) dominated by Ponderosa pines and Douglas firs. Between the end of the conquest of the West and the 1970s, land uses have altered these forests and the fire regimes that affect them. For about four decades, managers have been involved in a partial and controversial restoration of pre-conquest fire regimes and forests they used to shape.

International audience ; In the U.S. portion of the Columbia Bassin, salmon populations are five times lower than 150 years ago. They are co-managed by federal, state and tribal protagonists in order to restore them. On this territory larger than France, the federal government dominates the governance relating to the co-management of endangered and threatened species of salmon. The NOAA Fisheries Service writes up recovery plans and biological opinions that guide the actions on the ground. State and tribal agencies carry out multiple tasks on the ground, including the reintroduction of local salmon populations, the restoration of riparian areas, the management of salmon hatcheries or the enforcement of fishing rules. At the same time, a federal court in Oregon has authority to change the federal plans and biological opinions if the latter do not comply with the 1973 Endangered Species Act. During the 2000s, this court notably contributed to reduce the lethal impact of dams on salmon. If some local salmon populations have been partially restored, major problems remain unresolved: large dams keep hindering the overall recovery, just like continuing pollution and environmental degradation in parts of watersheds. Conflicts of interest between different groups go on. Environmental and fishing groups as well as Indian tribes call for more ambitious recovery targets. They come up against major agricultural and industrial interests generally protected by federal and state governments. These two governmental protagonists are opposed to the development of elements of tribal projects related to salmon hatcheries. The adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the Obama administration in 2010 could defuse conflicts and bring about changes in the governance.

International audience ; In the U.S. portion of the Columbia Bassin, salmon populations are five times lower than 150 years ago. They are co-managed by federal, state and tribal protagonists in order to restore them. On this territory larger than France, the federal government dominates the governance relating to the co-management of endangered and threatened species of salmon. The NOAA Fisheries Service writes up recovery plans and biological opinions that guide the actions on the ground. State and tribal agencies carry out multiple tasks on the ground, including the reintroduction of local salmon populations, the restoration of riparian areas, the management of salmon hatcheries or the enforcement of fishing rules. At the same time, a federal court in Oregon has authority to change the federal plans and biological opinions if the latter do not comply with the 1973 Endangered Species Act. During the 2000s, this court notably contributed to reduce the lethal impact of dams on salmon. If some local salmon populations have been partially restored, major problems remain unresolved: large dams keep hindering the overall recovery, just like continuing pollution and environmental degradation in parts of watersheds. Conflicts of interest between different groups go on. Environmental and fishing groups as well as Indian tribes call for more ambitious recovery targets. They come up against major agricultural and industrial interests generally protected by federal and state governments. These two governmental protagonists are opposed to the development of elements of tribal projects related to salmon hatcheries. The adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the Obama administration in 2010 could defuse conflicts and bring about changes in the governance.

International audience ; In the U.S. portion of the Columbia Bassin, salmon populations are five times lower than 150 years ago. They are co-managed by federal, state and tribal protagonists in order to restore them. On this territory larger than France, the federal government dominates the governance relating to the co-management of endangered and threatened species of salmon. The NOAA Fisheries Service writes up recovery plans and biological opinions that guide the actions on the ground. State and tribal agencies carry out multiple tasks on the ground, including the reintroduction of local salmon populations, the restoration of riparian areas, the management of salmon hatcheries or the enforcement of fishing rules. At the same time, a federal court in Oregon has authority to change the federal plans and biological opinions if the latter do not comply with the 1973 Endangered Species Act. During the 2000s, this court notably contributed to reduce the lethal impact of dams on salmon. If some local salmon populations have been partially restored, major problems remain unresolved: large dams keep hindering the overall recovery, just like continuing pollution and environmental degradation in parts of watersheds. Conflicts of interest between different groups go on. Environmental and fishing groups as well as Indian tribes call for more ambitious recovery targets. They come up against major agricultural and industrial interests generally protected by federal and state governments. These two governmental protagonists are opposed to the development of elements of tribal projects related to salmon hatcheries. The adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the Obama administration in 2010 could defuse conflicts and bring about changes in the governance.

In the US part of the Columbia Basin, salmon populations are five times less than 150 years ago. They are co-managed by federal, federated and tribal actors in order to restore them. In this wider region than France, the federal state dominates governance for the co-management of endangered or threatened salmon species. The Federal Agency of NOAA Fisheries Service drafts restoration plans and programmatic biological studies that guide field actions. Federated and tribal field operators have a multitude of tasks, from the reintroduction of local populations to the restoration of riparian areas, management of hatcheries and fisheries control. At the same time, a Federal State Court of Oregon has the power to redirect federal plans and studies if they do not comply with the Endangered Species Act voted by the US Congress in 1973. In the 2000s, this courtyard helped to reduce the lethal impact of dams on salmon. While some local salmon populations have been partially reconstituted, major problems remain: large dams continue to hamper overall restoration, as well as pollution and degradation of part of the river basin environment. Conflicts between interest groups continue. Groups of ecologists, fishermen and Indian tribes are calling for more ambitious restoration. They face major industrial and agricultural interests generally protected by federal and federal states. These two government actors are opposed to the development of part of the tribal projects linked to hatcheries. The adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the Barack Obama Administration in 2010 could alleviate disputes and change governance under consideration. ; International audience ; In the US part of the Columbia Basin, salmon populations are five times less than 150 years ago. They are co-managed by federal, federated and tribal actors in order to restore them. In this wider region than France, the federal state dominates governance for the co-management of endangered or threatened salmon species. The Federal ...

104 ; 68 ; 70 ; 3 ; European Union's Horizon 2020 ; Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO)

International audience ; Africa is forecasted to experience large and rapid climate change1 and population growth2 during the twenty-first century, which threatens the world's second largest rainforest. Protecting and sustainably managing these African forests requires an increased understanding of their compositional heterogeneity, the environmental drivers of forest composition and their vulnerability to ongoing changes. Here, using a very large dataset of 6 million trees in more than 180,000 field plots, we jointly model the distribution in abundance of the most dominant tree taxa in central Africa, and produce continuous maps of the floristic and functional composition of central African forests. Our results show that the uncertainty in taxon-specific distributions averages out at the community level, and reveal highly deterministic assemblages. We uncover contrasting floristic and functional compositions across climates, soil types and anthropogenic gradients, with functional convergence among types of forest that are floristically dissimilar. Combining these spatial predictions with scenarios of climatic and anthropogenic global change suggests a high vulnerability of the northern and southern forest margins, the Atlantic forests and most forests in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where both climate and anthropogenic threats are expected to increase sharply by 2085. These results constitute key quantitative benchmarks for scientists and policymakers to shape transnational conservation and management strategies that aim to provide a sustainable future for central African forests.

International audience ; Africa is forecasted to experience large and rapid climate change1 and population growth2 during the twenty-first century, which threatens the world's second largest rainforest. Protecting and sustainably managing these African forests requires an increased understanding of their compositional heterogeneity, the environmental drivers of forest composition and their vulnerability to ongoing changes. Here, using a very large dataset of 6 million trees in more than 180,000 field plots, we jointly model the distribution in abundance of the most dominant tree taxa in central Africa, and produce continuous maps of the floristic and functional composition of central African forests. Our results show that the uncertainty in taxon-specific distributions averages out at the community level, and reveal highly deterministic assemblages. We uncover contrasting floristic and functional compositions across climates, soil types and anthropogenic gradients, with functional convergence among types of forest that are floristically dissimilar. Combining these spatial predictions with scenarios of climatic and anthropogenic global change suggests a high vulnerability of the northern and southern forest margins, the Atlantic forests and most forests in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where both climate and anthropogenic threats are expected to increase sharply by 2085. These results constitute key quantitative benchmarks for scientists and policymakers to shape transnational conservation and management strategies that aim to provide a sustainable future for central African forests.

International audience ; Africa is forecasted to experience large and rapid climate change1 and population growth2 during the twenty-first century, which threatens the world's second largest rainforest. Protecting and sustainably managing these African forests requires an increased understanding of their compositional heterogeneity, the environmental drivers of forest composition and their vulnerability to ongoing changes. Here, using a very large dataset of 6 million trees in more than 180,000 field plots, we jointly model the distribution in abundance of the most dominant tree taxa in central Africa, and produce continuous maps of the floristic and functional composition of central African forests. Our results show that the uncertainty in taxon-specific distributions averages out at the community level, and reveal highly deterministic assemblages. We uncover contrasting floristic and functional compositions across climates, soil types and anthropogenic gradients, with functional convergence among types of forest that are floristically dissimilar. Combining these spatial predictions with scenarios of climatic and anthropogenic global change suggests a high vulnerability of the northern and southern forest margins, the Atlantic forests and most forests in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where both climate and anthropogenic threats are expected to increase sharply by 2085. These results constitute key quantitative benchmarks for scientists and policymakers to shape transnational conservation and management strategies that aim to provide a sustainable future for central African forests.