Over the last four decades, changes in the agricultural production system (e.g., enhanced technologies, vertical and horizontal corporate integration), macro political contexts (e.g., selected subsidies, trade agreements), and overall society (e.g., globalized markets, urban sprawl) have been shaping the world agricultural context (Wilson 2008). Although those changes have impacted–and keeps impacting–world regions at different pace, farmers who are not willing or not able to jump into the new agricultural production mode are the most affected globally. As a result, many farmers have steadily moved away from farming or sought alternative ways of income diversification to keep their farm business afloat. Among the latter, agritourism–broadly defined as leisure, educational and recreational activities offered on working farms (Gil Arroyo et al. 2013)–is a salient diversification strategy. For example, just in the Northern Italian Region of South Tyrol around, 15% of the existing farms offer tourist services (Astat 2019). Furthermore, this form of farm enterprise has steadily grown over the years as more people seek rural experiences. ; open
International audience ; Technological and cultural innovations as well as climate changes are thought to have influenced the diffusion of major language phyla in sub-Saharan Africa. The most widespread and the richest in diversity is the Niger-Congo phylum, thought to have originated in West Africa ∼ 10,000 years ago (ya). The expansion of Bantu languages (a family within the Niger-Congo phylum) ∼ 5,000 ya represents a major event in the past demography of the continent. Many previous studies on Y chromosomal variation in Africa associated the Bantu expansion with haplogroup E1b1a (and sometimes its sublineage E1b1a7). However, the distribution of these two lineages extends far beyond the area occupied nowadays by Bantu-speaking people, raising questions on the actual genetic structure behind this expansion. To address these issues, we directly genotyped 31 biallelic markers and 12 microsatellites on the Y chromosome in 1,195 individuals of African ancestry focusing on areas that were previously poorly characterized (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia). With the inclusion of published data, we analyzed 2,736 individuals from 26 groups representing all linguistic phyla and covering a large portion of sub-Saharan Africa. Within the Niger-Congo phylum, we ascertain for the first time differences in haplogroup composition between Bantu and non-Bantu groups via two markers (U174 and U175) on the background of haplogroup E1b1a (and E1b1a7), which were directly genotyped in our samples and for which genotypes were inferred from published data using linear discriminant analysis on short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes. No reduction in STR diversity levels was found across the Bantu groups, suggesting the absence of serial founder effects. In addition, the homogeneity of haplogroup composition and pattern of haplotype sharing between Western and Eastern Bantu groups suggests that their expansion throughout sub-Saharan Africa reflects a rapid spread followed by backward and forward ...
International audience ; Technological and cultural innovations as well as climate changes are thought to have influenced the diffusion of major language phyla in sub-Saharan Africa. The most widespread and the richest in diversity is the Niger-Congo phylum, thought to have originated in West Africa ∼ 10,000 years ago (ya). The expansion of Bantu languages (a family within the Niger-Congo phylum) ∼ 5,000 ya represents a major event in the past demography of the continent. Many previous studies on Y chromosomal variation in Africa associated the Bantu expansion with haplogroup E1b1a (and sometimes its sublineage E1b1a7). However, the distribution of these two lineages extends far beyond the area occupied nowadays by Bantu-speaking people, raising questions on the actual genetic structure behind this expansion. To address these issues, we directly genotyped 31 biallelic markers and 12 microsatellites on the Y chromosome in 1,195 individuals of African ancestry focusing on areas that were previously poorly characterized (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia). With the inclusion of published data, we analyzed 2,736 individuals from 26 groups representing all linguistic phyla and covering a large portion of sub-Saharan Africa. Within the Niger-Congo phylum, we ascertain for the first time differences in haplogroup composition between Bantu and non-Bantu groups via two markers (U174 and U175) on the background of haplogroup E1b1a (and E1b1a7), which were directly genotyped in our samples and for which genotypes were inferred from published data using linear discriminant analysis on short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes. No reduction in STR diversity levels was found across the Bantu groups, suggesting the absence of serial founder effects. In addition, the homogeneity of haplogroup composition and pattern of haplotype sharing between Western and Eastern Bantu groups suggests that their expansion throughout sub-Saharan Africa reflects a rapid spread followed by backward and forward ...
International audience ; Technological and cultural innovations as well as climate changes are thought to have influenced the diffusion of major language phyla in sub-Saharan Africa. The most widespread and the richest in diversity is the Niger-Congo phylum, thought to have originated in West Africa ∼ 10,000 years ago (ya). The expansion of Bantu languages (a family within the Niger-Congo phylum) ∼ 5,000 ya represents a major event in the past demography of the continent. Many previous studies on Y chromosomal variation in Africa associated the Bantu expansion with haplogroup E1b1a (and sometimes its sublineage E1b1a7). However, the distribution of these two lineages extends far beyond the area occupied nowadays by Bantu-speaking people, raising questions on the actual genetic structure behind this expansion. To address these issues, we directly genotyped 31 biallelic markers and 12 microsatellites on the Y chromosome in 1,195 individuals of African ancestry focusing on areas that were previously poorly characterized (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia). With the inclusion of published data, we analyzed 2,736 individuals from 26 groups representing all linguistic phyla and covering a large portion of sub-Saharan Africa. Within the Niger-Congo phylum, we ascertain for the first time differences in haplogroup composition between Bantu and non-Bantu groups via two markers (U174 and U175) on the background of haplogroup E1b1a (and E1b1a7), which were directly genotyped in our samples and for which genotypes were inferred from published data using linear discriminant analysis on short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes. No reduction in STR diversity levels was found across the Bantu groups, suggesting the absence of serial founder effects. In addition, the homogeneity of haplogroup composition and pattern of haplotype sharing between Western and Eastern Bantu groups suggests that their expansion throughout sub-Saharan Africa reflects a rapid spread followed by backward and forward ...
16 pags., 9 figs., 5 tabs. ; A first -ray study of spectroscopy was performed at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory with projectiles at 217 MeV/nucleon, impinging on the liquid hydrogen target of the MINOS device. Prompt deexcitation rays were measured with the NaI(Tl) array DALI2. Through the one-proton knockout reaction , a spin assignment could be determined for the low-lying states of from the momentum distribution obtained with the SAMURAI spectrometer. A spin-parity is deduced for the ground state of , similar to the recently studied isotope . The evolution of the energy difference is compared to state-of-the-art theoretical predictions. ; We thank the RIKEN Nishina Center accelerator staff for their work in the primary beam delivery and the BigRIPS team for preparing the secondary beams. The development of MINOS has been supported by the European Research Council through the ERC Grant No. MINOS258567. B.D.L., L.X.C., and N.D.T. acknowledge support from the Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant No. ĐTCB.01/21/VKHKTHN. M.G.R. and A.M.M. are supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (including FEDER funds) under project FIS2017-88410-P. F.B. was supported by the RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researcher Program. Y.L.S. acknowledges the support of Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCAIF-2015-705023) from the European Union. I.G. has been supported by HIC for FAIR and Croatian Science Foundation. R.-B.G. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Grant No. BL 1513/1-1. K.I.H., D.K., and S.Y.P. acknowledge the support from the IBS grant funded by the Korea government (No. IBS-R031-D1). P.K. was supported in part by the BMBF Grant No. 05P19RDFN1 and HGS-HIRe. D.So. has been supported by the European Regional Development Fund Contract No. GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00034 and the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary via Project No. K128947. This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grants No. JP16H02179, No. JP18H05404, and No. JP20K03981. J.D.H. and R.S. acknowledge the support from NSERC and the National Research Council Canada. This work was supported by the Office of Nuclear Physics, U.S. Department of Energy, under Grants No. de-sc0018223 (NUCLEI SciDAC-4 collaboration) and the FieldWork Proposal ERKBP72 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Computer time was provided by the Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (INCITE) program. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility located at ORNL, which is supported by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. GGF calculations were performed by using HPC resources from GENCI-TGCC (Contracts No. A007057392 and No. A009057392) and at the DiRAC Complexity system at the University of Leicester (BIS National E-infrastructure capital Grant No. ST/K000373/1 and STFC Grant No. ST/K0003259/1). This work was supported by the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under Grant No. ST/L005816/1 and in part by the NSERC Grants No. SAPIN-2016-00033, No. SAPIN-2018-00027, and No. RGPAS-2018-522453. TRIUMF receives federal funding via a contribution agreement with the National Research Council of Canada. J.D.H. thanks S. R. Stroberg for the IMSRG++ code used to perform the VSIMSRG calculations [86]. N.T.T.P. was funded by Vingroup Joint Stock Company and supported by the Domestic Ph.D. Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Vingroup Big Data Institute (VINBIGDATA), code VINIF.2020.TS.52.
7 pags., 3 figs., 1 tab. ; We report on the first γ-ray spectroscopy of K produced via the Ca(p,2p) reactions at ∼250 MeV/nucleon. Unambiguous final-state angular-momentum assignments were achieved for beam intensities down to few particles per second by using a new technique based on reaction vertex tracking combined with a thick liquid-hydrogen target. Through γ-ray spectroscopy and exclusive parallel momentum distribution analysis, 3/2 ground states and 1/2 first excited states in K were established quantifying the natural ordering of the 1d and 2s proton-hole states that are restored at N = 32 and 34. State-of-the-art ab initio calculations and shell-model calculations with improved phenomenological effective interactions reproduce the present data and predict consistently the increase of the E(1/2 ) - E(3/2 ) energy differences towards N = 40. ; We are very grateful to the RIKEN Nishina Center accelerator staff for providing the stable and high-intensity zinc beam and to the BigRIPS team for the smooth operation of the secondary beams. The development of MINOS has been supported by the European Research Council through the ERC Grant No. MINOS-258567. Green's function calculations were performed using HPC resources from GENCI-TGCC, France (Projects A0030507392 and A0050507392) and from the DiRAC Data Intensive service at Leicester, UK (funded by the UK BEIS via STFC capital grants ST/K000373/1 and ST/R002363/1 and STFC DiRAC Operations grant ST/R001014/1). This work (C. B.) was also supported by the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under Grants No. ST/P005314/1 and No. ST/L005816/1. K. O. acknowledges the support by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research JP16K05352. Y. L. S. acknowledges the support of Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2015-705023) from the European Union and the support from the Helmholtz International Center for FAIR. The valuable discussions with C. Qi are gratefully acknowledged. H. N. L. acknowledges the support from the Enhanced Eurotalents program (PCOFUND-GA-2013-600382) co-funded by CEA and the European Union. H. N. L. and A. O. acknowledge the support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - Project No. 279384907-SFB 1245. Y. L. S. and A. O. acknowledge the support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. L. X. C. and B. D. L would like to thank MOST for its support through the Physics Development Program Grant No. ĐTĐLCN.25/18. I.G. has been supported by HIC for FAIR and HRZZ under project No. 1257 and 7194. K. I. H., D. K. and S. Y. P. acknowledge the support from the NRF grant funded by the Korea government (No. 2017R1A2B2012382 and 2019M7A1A1033186). F. B. acknowledge the support from the RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researcher Program. D.S. was supported by projects No. GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00034 and No. K128947. V. V. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Contract No. FPA2017-84756-C4-2-P. V. W. acknowledges support from BMBF grants 05P15RDFN1, 05P19RDFN1 and DFG grant SFB 1245. P. K. acknowledges support from HGS-HIRe and BMBF grant 05P19RDFN1. This work was also supported by NKFIH (128072).
7 pags., 4 figs., 1 tab. ; Exclusive cross sections and momentum distributions have been measured for quasifree one-neutron knockout reactions from a Ca54 beam striking on a liquid hydrogen target at ∼200 MeV/u. A significantly larger cross section to the p3/2 state compared to the f5/2 state observed in the excitation of Ca53 provides direct evidence for the nature of the N=34 shell closure. This finding corroborates the arising of a new shell closure in neutron-rich calcium isotopes. The distorted-wave impulse approximation reaction formalism with shell model calculations using the effective GXPF1Bs interaction and ab initio calculations concur our experimental findings. Obtained transverse and parallel momentum distributions demonstrate the sensitivity of quasifree one-neutron knockout in inverse kinematics on a thick liquid hydrogen target with the reaction vertex reconstructed to final state spin-parity assignments. ; We would like to express our gratitude to the RIKEN Nishina Center accelerator staff for providing the stable and high-intensity beam andtotheBigRIPSteam for operatingthe secondary beams. S. C. acknowledges the support of the IPA program at RIKEN Nishina Center. J. L. acknowledges the support from Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong with grant of Early Career Scheme (ECS-27303915). K. O., K. Y., and Y. C. acknowledge the support from Grants-in-Aid of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under Grants No. JP16K05352. Y. L. S. acknowledges the support of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2015-705023). V. V. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Contract No. FPA2017- 84756-C4-2-P. L. X. C. and B. D. L. would like to thank MOST for its support through the Physics Development Program Grant No. ĐTĐLCN.25/18. D. R. and V. W. acknowledge the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Grant No. SFB1245. V. W. and P. K. acknowledge the German BMBF Grant No. 05P19RDFN1. P. K. was also supported by HGSHIRe. D. S. was supported by Projects No. GINOP-2.3.3- 15-2016-00034 and No. NKFIH-NN114454. I. G. has been supported by HIC for FAIR and Croatian Science Foundation under Projects No. 1257 and No. 7194. K. I. H., D. K., and S. Y. P. acknowledge the support from the NRF grant funded bythe Korea government (No. 2016K1A3A7A09005580 and No. 2018R1A5A1025563). This work was also supported by the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under Grants No. ST/P005314/1 and No. ST/L005816/1, and by NKFIH (128072), and by JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. 16H02179, and by MEXT KAKENHI Grant No. 18H05404. The development of MINOS were supported by the European Research Council through the ERC Grant No. MINOS-258567. Green's function calculations were performed using HPC resources from the DiRAC Data Intensive service at Leicester, UK (funded by the UK BEIS via STFC capital Grants No. ST/K000373/1 and No. ST/R002363/1 and STFC DiRAC Operations Grant No. ST/R001014/1) and from GENCI-TGCC, France (Project No. A0050507392).
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; We directly measured twenty overhanging cliffs on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko extracted from the latest shape model and estimated the minimum tensile strengths needed to support them against collapse under the comet's gravity. We find extremely low strengths of around 1 Pa or less (1 to 5 Pa, when scaled to a metre length). The presence of eroded material at the base of most overhangs, as well as the observed collapse of two features and the implied previous collapse of another, suggests that they are prone to failure and that the true material strengths are close to these lower limits (although we only consider static stresses and not dynamic stress from, for example, cometary activity). Thus, a tensile strength of a few pascals is a good approximation for the tensile strength of the 67P nucleus material, which is in agreement with previous work. We find no particular trends in overhang properties either with size over the ~10-100 m range studied here or location on the nucleus. There are no obvious differences, in terms of strength, height or evidence of collapse, between the populations of overhangs on the two cometary lobes, suggesting that 67P is relatively homogenous in terms of tensile strength. Low material strengths are supportive of cometary formation as a primordial rubble pile or by collisional fragmentation of a small body (tens of km). ; his project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 686709. This work was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number 16.0008-2. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official view of the Swiss Government. OSIRIS was built by a consortium of the Max-Planck-Institut fur Sonnensystemforschung, Gottingen, Germany; the CISAS University of Padova, Italy; the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France; the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, the Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, Spain; the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Uppsala University, Sweden; and the Institut fur Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze der Technischen Universitat Braunschweig, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of Germany (DLR), France (CNES), Italy (ASI), Spain (MEC), Sweden (SNSB), and the ESA Technical Directorate is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the Rosetta Science Operations Centre and the Rosetta Mission Operations Centre for the successful rendezvous with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
7 pags., 3 figs., 1 tab. ; States in the N = 35 and 37 isotopes 55,57Ca have been populated by direct proton-induced nucleon removal reactions from 56,58Sc and 56Ca beams at the RIBF. In addition, the (p, 2p) quasi-free single- proton removal reaction from 56Ca was studied. Excited states in 55K, 55Ca, and 57Ca were established for the first time via in-beam γ -ray spectroscopy. Results for the proton and neutron removal reactions from 56Ca to states in 55K and 55Ca for the level energies, excited state lifetimes, and exclusive cross sections agree well with state-of-the-art theoretical calculations using different approaches. The observation of a short-lived state in 57Ca suggests a transition in the calcium isotopic chain from single-particle dominated states at N = 35 to collective excitations at N = 37. ; We would like to thank the RIKEN accelerator and BigRIPS teams for providing the high intensity beams. T.K. acknowledges support by RIKEN Junior Research Associate Program. K.W. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades RYC-2017-22007. RIUMF receives funding via a contribution through the National Research Council of Canada. J.D.H is further supported by NSERC under grants SAPIN-2018-00027 and RGPAS-2018-522453. VS-IMSRG computations were performed with an allocation of computing resources on Cedar at WestGrid and Compute Canada, and on the Oak Cluster at TRIUMF managed by the University of British Columbia department of Advanced Research Computing (ARC). N.S. and Y.U. acknowledge valuable support by "Priority Issue on post-K computer" and KAKENHI grant 20K03981 and 17K05433. C.B. was supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) through grants No. ST/L005816/1 and No. ST/V001108/1. SCGF calculations were per- formed by using HPC resources from GENCI-TGCC, France (Contract No. A009057392) and at the DiRAC DiAL system at the University of Leicester, UK, (funded by the UK BEIS via STFC Capital Grants No. ST/K000373/1 and No. ST/R002363/1 and STFC DiRAC Operations Grant No. ST/R001014/1). I.M. was supported by the RIKEN IPA program, F.B. by the RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researche Program. D.S. acknowledges support from the European Regional Development Fund contract No. GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00034 and the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary via Project No. K128947. K. I. H., D. K., and S. Y. P. acknowledge the support from the IBS grant funded by the Korea government (No. IBS-R031-D1). The work was further supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Nos. JP16H02179, JP18H05404, JP19H00679, and JP21H01114 and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Grant No. BL 1513/1-1 ; Peer reviewed
