The reign of Emperor Akihito, known as the Heisei era, will end on April 30, 2019 when his abdication becomes effective. It has been a period of difficulties for Japan in political, economic and social matters. The most outstanding topics that can help build a basic overview of what happened in these last three decades are presented here. ; El reinado del emperador Akihito, conocido como la era Heisei, terminará el 30 de abril de 2019 cuando se haga efectiva su abdicación. Ha sido un período de dificultades para Japón en lo político, lo económico y lo social. Se presentan aquí los temas más destacados que pueden ayudar a construir un panorama básico sobre lo transcurrido en estas tres últimas décadas.
Este artigo apresenta uma revisão de literatura envolvendo as estratégias de validação utilizadas em trabalhos científicos que propõem métodos de seleção de portfólios de projetos baseados no balanced scorecard e modelos multicritério. A revisão de literatura contempla uma pesquisa em periódicos internacionais de alta relevância, que levou em consideração 21 artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2011 e outros 76 artigos publicados entre 2013 e 2017. Desse total, foram selecionados doze artigos para análise em profundidade. Dentre esses, apenas dois relataram o uso de um mecanismo formal de consulta às partes interessadas como parte do procedimento de validação do método que estavam propondo. Ambos os mecanismos de validação utilizados possuem ressalvas relevantes. O trabalho discute esta situação e indica alternativas que podem vir a ser desenvolvidas. A utilização, na prática, de métodos propostos na literatura científica é um dos problemas em debate na comunidade científica e a identificação, desenvolvimento e uso de modelos de avaliação pode ser uma alternativa para melhorar esse aspecto no que diz respeito aos métodos de seleção de portfólio de projetos propostos pela academia
ilustraciones a color, fotografías, diagramas ; El presente texto reúne los cuatro componentes del trabajo de grado para optar al título de Magíster en Museología y Gestión del Patrimonio en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. En primer término, el trabajo conceptual analiza el escaso nivel de protección de los museos en la legislación de cinco países de Iberoamérica, a partir de la caracterización de diez categorías principales y seis transversales que hacen del museo un sistema complejo local; la investigación revela que, en la mayoría de los casos, no es el museo en cuanto sistema el que está protegido sino sólo sus componentes patrimoniales materiales (las colecciones y los edificios), siendo básicamente concebido como instrumento de apoyo a la educación formal, al turismo y a la preservación del patrimonio. La propuesta presenta elementos centrales para estructurar una futura ley marco orientada a proteger e impulsar los museos colombianos como espacios para el ejercicio de los derechos culturales. Las memorias de Estancia y Práctica recogen el análisis crítico de dos procesos relevantes en la transformación organizacional del Museo Nacional de Colombia en las últimas décadas: la estructuración del organigrama actual (1994/1996) y el diagnóstico de sus áreas de trabajo durante 1999 como base para el diseño del plan estratégico 2001-2010. Finalmente, la memoria del trabajo colaborativo describe un proyecto museográfico, realizado en conjunto con los estudiantes Diana Galindo Cruz y Carlos Alberto González Buitrago, el cual pone en diálogo piezas de distintos museos y colecciones de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en torno a tres líneas curatoriales: historia política de la Universidad, valoración del patrimonio cultural, y patrimonio académico. ; The present text gathers the four components of the final work required for the Master Degree in Museology and Cultural Heritage Management in the National University of Colombia. First, the conceptual paper analyzes the low level of museum's protection in the legislation of five Ibero-American countries, based on the characterization of ten main categories and six transversal ones which compose the museum as a local complex system; the research reveals that, in most cases, the museum as a system is not protected, but only its material heritage components (buildings and collections), while it is conceived as a support instrument for formal education, tourism and heritage preservation. The proposition comprises central elements to structure a future general law, in order to protect and promote Colombian museums as spaces for the exercise of cultural rights. Second and third, the memories of Internship and academic Practice assemble the critical analysis of two relevant processes in the organizational transformation of the National Museum of Colombia during the last decades: the construction of the current organizational chart (1994/1996) and the diagnosis of its working areas during 1999, as basis for the design process of its Strategic Plan 2001-2010. Finally, the memory of collaborative work describes a museographical project, made with the students Diana Galindo-Cruz and Carlos-Alberto González-Buitrago, setting in dialogue some objects from different museums and collections of the National University of Colombia, around three curatorial lines: political history of the University, cultural heritage valuation, and academic heritage. ; Maestría ; Magíster en Museología y Gestión del Patrimonio
O ato de migrar pressupõe o abandono do espaço social de origem, exigindo a procura não apenas por trabalho, mas também por moradia. A despeito de ser o trabalho a disposição central da migração, o onde morar e de que forma não se transcrevem como preocupações de menor importância. O trabalho e a residência para os migrantes, mais do que para os demais trabalhadores, têm uma estreita relação de dependência mútua (Sayad, 1992). Essa interdependência leva os trabalhadores a terem como uma das alternativas para a efetivação dos projetos intrínsecos à migração, a inserção em atividades produtivas que ofereçam a moradia (Barbosa, 2000). Não é por menos que as ocupações de empregada doméstica e de empregado de edifício são apontadas pelos estudiosos da migração, como Durham (1984) e Garcia Júnior (1989), como atividades potencialm ente absorvedoras de mão-de-obra migrante. [...]
This book presents a theoretical framework to explain chronic inflation and hyperinflation. The roots of these two phenomenon are a fiscal monetary regime in which money issues finance the public deficit. Chronic inflation is modeled by using both the old and the new Keynesian model, with a different policy rule. Instead of using the Taylor rule, the central bank policy rule states that money is issued to finance the public deficit. The chronic inflation models take into account the fact that indexation mechanisms adjust prices and wages, yielding the inertial component of inflation. The dynamics of these models can be very unstable under parameter changes or shocks that hit the economy. The previous hyperinflation models surveyed in this book attempt to explain hyperinflation as a bubble phenomenon because they assume a constant real deficit financed by money. The mechanics of hyperinflation models in this book explains hyperinflation by a fiscal crisis, characterized by an increasing fiscal deficit. This fiscal crisis yields an intertemporal budget constraint that is not sustainable. The analysis of the pathology of hyperinflation uses the same tools employed to understand the pathologies of public debt and external debt crises. The hyperinflation model allows a taxonomy of hyperinflations, namely bubble, weak and strong, that can be tested with the inflation tax revenue curve.
This book presents a theoretical framework to explain chronic inflation and hyperinflation. The roots of these two phenomenon are a fiscal monetary regime in which money issues finance the public deficit. Chronic inflation is modeled by using both the old and the new Keynesian model, with a different policy rule. Instead of using the Taylor rule, the central bank policy rule states that money is issued to finance the public deficit. The chronic inflation models take into account the fact that indexation mechanisms adjust prices and wages, yielding the inertial component of inflation. The dynamics of these models can be very unstable under parameter changes or shocks that hit the economy. The previous hyperinflation models surveyed in this book attempt to explain hyperinflation as a bubble phenomenon because they assume a constant real deficit financed by money. The mechanics of hyperinflation models in this book explains hyperinflation by a fiscal crisis, characterized by an increasing fiscal deficit. This fiscal crisis yields an intertemporal budget constraint that is not sustainable. The analysis of the pathology of hyperinflation uses the same tools employed to understand the pathologies of public debt and external debt crises. The hyperinflation model allows a taxonomy of hyperinflations, namely bubble, weak and strong, that can be tested with the inflation tax revenue curve.
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Abstract. Delay discounting (DD) is the process of devaluing results that happen in the future. With this review, we intend to identify specificities in the processes of DD in impulsive behavior. Studies were retrieved from multiple literature databases, through rigorous criteria (we included systematic reviews and empirical studies with adult human subjects), following the procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration initiative. Of the 174 documents obtained, 19 were considered eligible for inclusion and were retained for in-depth analysis. In addition, 13 studies from the manual search were included. Thus, a total of 32 studies were selected for review. The objectives/hypotheses, results, and the main conclusion(s) were extracted from each study. Results show that people with pronounced traits of impulsivity discount rewards more markedly, that is, they prefer immediate rewards, though of less value, or postponed losses, even though they worsen in the future. Taken together, the existing data suggest the importance of inserting DD as a tool for initial assessment in conjunction with measures of addiction and stress level, as well as the consideration of new therapies.
Innovation and internationalization of small and medium enterprises are widely cited as decisive factors, for the sustainable growth of European economies, which are facing a deep crisis. The European Union launched in March 2010 a European strategy, called Europe 2020, to prepare the EU economy for the future, where growth is based in three dimensions: smart, sustainable and inclusive. In the Portuguese case, these factors become even more relevant, since the country is facing an unprecedented crisis that brought to the surface the vulnerabilities of its economic and financial system. This article is a case study of a small Portuguese technology based firm, where we will examine, in the light of the literature on strategic management, and the evaluation and selection of technologies, its innovation and internationalization processes, which are critical to its survival in a hypercompetitive global industry. The evaluation of new ideas and business concepts is a challenge for companies, especially in its early stages of development where there is not a tangible commercial product. This organization is launching a worldwide pioneering product, as a result of its research and development and innovation activities, and will have, if things go right, a huge successful impact on their competitiveness. The identification of the organizational characteristics that enabled the company to enhance its innovative stance, and to embrace the challenge to internationalize its activities, may help similar organizations improve their innovation and internationalization processes, which are critical to increase their competitiveness. ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ...
Este trabalho mostra que o quebra-cabeça da paridade do poder de compra é um artefato estatístico produzido pelo fato de que a taxa de câmbio real de equilíbrio de longo prazo não é constante, mas varia ao longo do tempo. Este fato implica que o coeficiente de inércia é viciado para cima.
This paper analyses the causes of the failure of Banco Nacional and the resolution method adopted by the Brazilian central bank. The program (PROER) designed by the central bank and its legal framework allowed the failed bank to buy "defaulted securities", financed by the central bank, and to use them as borrowing collateral. The paper also analyses the private and social costs of this bank failure. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)
