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Entrepreneurial academics and regional innovation systems: the case of spin-offs from London's universities
In: Environment & planning: international journal of urban and regional research. C, Government & policy, Band 32, Heft 2, S. 341-359
ISSN: 0263-774X
Entrepreneurial Academics and Regional Innovation Systems: The Case of Spin-Offs from London's Universities
In: Environment and planning. C, Government and policy, Band 32, Heft 2, S. 341-359
ISSN: 1472-3425
In this paper we explore the spin-off process from London's universities using a regional innovation systems (RIS) framework. We examine the pattern of spin-offs in the context of changes in institutional support systems, both within the universities and in the London region. The majority of the university-related spin-offs are small and medium-sized enterprises concentrated in biomedical sectors, as elsewhere. However, over a third have left London. We explore these patterns, the implications for understanding the role of universities in RIS, and consequent policy implications.
Inheritance of coronary artery disease in men:an analysis of the role of the Y chromosome
In: Charchar , F J , Bloomer , L D S , Barnes , T A , Cowley , M J , Nelson , C P , Wang , Y , Denniff , M , Debiec , R , Christofidou , P , Nankervis , S , Dominiczak , A F , Bani-Mustafa , A , Balmforth , A J , Hall , A S , Erdmann , J , Cambien , F , Deloukas , P , Hengstenberg , C , Packard , C , Schunkert , H , Ouwehand , W H , Ford , I , Goodall , A H , Jobling , M A , Samani , N J & Tomaszewski , M 2012 , ' Inheritance of coronary artery disease in men : an analysis of the role of the Y chromosome ' , The Lancet , vol. 379 , no. 9819 , pp. 915 - 922 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61453-0
Background A sexual dimorphism exists in the incidence and prevalence of coronary artery disease—men are more commonly affected than are age-matched women. We explored the role of the Y chromosome in coronary artery disease in the context of this sexual inequity. Methods We genotyped 11 markers of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome in 3233 biologically unrelated British men from three cohorts: the British Heart Foundation Family Heart Study (BHF-FHS), West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), and Cardiogenics Study. On the basis of this information, each Y chromosome was tracked back into one of 13 ancient lineages defined as haplogroups. We then examined associations between common Y chromosome haplogroups and the risk of coronary artery disease in cross-sectional BHF-FHS and prospective WOSCOPS. Finally, we undertook functional analysis of Y chromosome effects on monocyte and macrophage transcriptome in British men from the Cardiogenics Study. Findings Of nine haplogroups identified, two (R1b1b2 and I) accounted for roughly 90% of the Y chromosome variants among British men. Carriers of haplogroup I had about a 50% higher age-adjusted risk of coronary artery disease than did men with other Y chromosome lineages in BHF-FHS (odds ratio 1·75, 95% CI 1·20–2·54, p=0·004), WOSCOPS (1·45, 1·08–1·95, p=0·012), and joint analysis of both populations (1·56, 1·24–1·97, p=0·0002). The association between haplogroup I and increased risk of coronary artery disease was independent of traditional cardiovascular and socioeconomic risk factors. Analysis of macrophage transcriptome in the Cardiogenics Study revealed that 19 molecular pathways showing strong differential expression between men with haplogroup I and other lineages of the Y chromosome were interconnected by common genes related to inflammation and immunity, and that some of them have a strong relevance to atherosclerosis. Interpretation The human Y chromosome is associated with risk of coronary artery disease in men of European ancestry, possibly through interactions of immunity and inflammation. Funding British Heart Foundation; UK National Institute for Health Research; LEW Carty Charitable Fund; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; European Union 6th Framework Programme; Wellcome Trust.
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