Suchergebnisse

In two experimental studies, we explored the politicized use of immigrant stereotypes by members of the Portuguese host society. Our goal was to demonstrate that stereotypes strategically vary to support political arguments and mobilize others towards one's political position. In Study 1, the way in which participants described immigrants varied as a function of (a) whether or not they were provided with the opportunity to mobilize an ingroup audience, (b) the direction in which they sought to mobilize that audience, and (c) the instrumentality of particular stereotypical traits in a given argumentative context. Study 2 examined the cognitive processes underlying the strategic expression of stereotypes, by measuring implicit stereotyping and manipulating participants' ability to do cognitive work prior to and during stereotype expression. The findings showed that (a) variability in stereotype expression was matched by a consonant variability in implicit representations of immigrants, and that (b) the ability to do cognitive work was a necessary condition for variability in stereotype expression to emerge. Taken together, these findings suggest that strategic effects in stereotype expression are underpinned by strategic work on intra-psychic representations. We conclude by discussing the complementarity between strategic and cognitive explanations of stereotype expression, as well as by arguing the possibility of a more predictive approach to the politicized use of stereotypes. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Using a semi-structured questionnaire, 1198 Peruvian farmers were interviewed on their knowledge about late blight (LB) and its current management practices. Farmers overwhelmingly considered LB as the main foliar constraint in both potato growing areas. However, most farmers considered the interaction of a rainfall, sunny and foggy days as the cause of the disease and only few mentioned to a "fungi". The main method to control LB is the use of fungicides, but some of them use insecticides, foliar fertilizers, hormones, and commercial leach. Commonly, the first fungicide spray is at plant emergence and then applications between 7 and 8 days. Fungicides based on cymoxanil and mancozeb were the most used in both areas, however, farmers mix until 5 pesticides at the same time. Over dosage or under dosage are common among farmers, which follow indications of pesticide sellers or use their own criteria. Farmers overwhelmingly no distinguished different levels of susceptibility among Peruvian potato varieties. To improve farmers' capacities for better management of LB, is necessary to change pesticide-handling practices, promote the use of resistant varieties and use of other complementary control practices, through of an intensive, participatory training, which requires the support and involvement of key stakeholders, including agrochemicals companies, farmers, national and international R&D organizations, donors, governments, and NGOs.