Suchergebnisse

Roots of Brazil's Relative Economic Backwardnessexplains Brazil's development level in light of modern theories regarding economic growth and international economics. It focuses on both the proximate and fundamental causes of Brazil's slow development, turning currently dominant hypotheses upside down.To support its arguments, the book presents extensive statistical analysis of Brazilian long-term development, with some new series on per capita GDP, population ethnical composition, and human capital stock, among others. It is an important resource in the ongoing debate on the causes of Latin American underdeveloped economies. Argues that low human capital accumulation is the major source of Brazilian relative underdevelopmentConsiders class conflict as the major determinant of Brazil's historically low human capital accumulation and underdevelopmentPresents new statistical information about Brazilian early development Alexandre Rands Barros is Ph.D. in Economics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A., and was Senior Associate Member in St. Antony´s College in the University of Oxford in England at two non-continuous moments. He was a Professor of Economics at Federal University of Pernambuco in Recife-PE, Brazil. Currently he is president in a Brazilian private company, although he continues to work on academic research about Brazilian Development.

This paper relies on some data to identify the 19th century as the major period in which Brazil economy lagged behind some chosen benchmarking countries, as the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and some European periphery countries. To identify the reasons for this an exercise using immigration data was used to make a decomposition of the sources of growth of the proportion of the USA per capita GDP to the Brazilian one. The results indicate that the imported human capital was responsible for 59% to 88% of this total growth between 1820 and 1900.

RESUMO Este artigo mostra as concepções básicas das ideias subjacentes que apoiam as políticas de agrupamento e explica suas origens e justificativas para desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento econômico. Argumenta-se que, embora tenham sido promovidas enquanto as ideias liberais eram hegemônicas, os conceitos que dão suporte às políticas de agrupamento não se baseiam apenas nessa ideologia. Eles também buscam apoio em ideias que aceitam intervenções públicas na economia. Isso significa que uma das estratégias mais eficientes para promover o desenvolvimento econômico atualmente tem atitudes céticas em relação a vários preceitos liberais.

ABSTRACT In this work, it is shown that Brazil has already entered the past century behind the developed countries. The three main views to explain this fact are reviewed and a fourth, based on recent theoretical developments, is presented. This view explains the backwardness of the Brazilian economy due to the composition of its social classes, their historical roots and their interrelations.

Neste trabalho mostra-se que o Brasil ja entrou no seculo passado com atraso em relacao aos paises desenvolvidos. As tres principais teses para explicar esse fato sao analisadas, e uma quarta, baseada em desenvolvimentos teoricos recentes, e apresentada. Essa visao explica o atraso da economia brasileira pela composicao de suas classes sociais, as raizes historicas destas e as suas inter-relacoes. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

RESUMO Este artigo sugere que as cláusulas antidumping na Organização Mundial do Comércio podem ter um impacto positivo no crescimento dos países do Terceiro Mundo. O aumento dos custos de mão de obra causado pressionaria por mudanças técnicas mais rápidas, acelerando o crescimento. Os possíveis desequilíbrios de curto prazo nas contas correntes seriam temporários e desapareceriam no longo prazo. Também se argumenta que as alianças políticas para introduzir tais cláusulas em uma organização internacional podem ser uma mudança importante no cenário político mundial, trazendo esperança de futuras relações internacionais prevalecentes que possam ser mais positivas para o crescimento do Terceiro Mundo.

RESUMO É apresentado um modelo de crescimento neoclássico com falha no mercado de trabalho e externalidades positivas decorrentes do aumento da intensidade de capital. Esse modelo é usado para apoiar a hipótese estruturalista de que o aumento dos salários reais pode ter um efeito positivo sobre o crescimento do PIB. O modelo também desafia a conclusão ortodoxa de que uma maior propensão para poupar necessariamente leva a maiores taxas de crescimento do PIB.

AbstractThe paper endeavours to sketch out the main implications of so‐called 'new growth theory' for the study of economic development. New growth theory endogenizes the sources of growth by attributing growth in production to externalities created by investments in human capital and in technology; some versions also introduce policy variables. The empirical evidence on determinants of growth is reviewed. The new growth theories caution against excessive protection of intellectual property rights, but suggest that in an environment of wide and growing information asymmetries between developed and developing countries, some restrictions to free trade may be justified. In addition, autonomous increases in real wages may have a positive and permanent effect on real per capita income, echoing a conclusion of the 'under‐ consumptionist' literature.