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Despite increased focus on understanding how firms appropriate the returns from innovation, our knowledge regarding firms' behaviour in less developed economies (LDEs) is still scant. This paper provides a nuanced view as to how firms that are not at the technological frontier attempt to capture value when they encounter fragile patenting conditions. I analyse a unique dataset on innovative activities in Brazil. My findings reveal the effects (if any) of a number of factors on the use of a wide range of appropriability mechanisms. These factors include measures of knowledge intensity, novelty of products and processes, firm size, degree of competition, innovation cooperation, government support for innovation, and type of ownership. In addition, my empirical exercise provides evidence of the extent to which firms in an LDE adopt different appropriability mechanisms in pairs. Overall, this paper indicates that even in the absence of an effective patent system, firms do use patents. However, there are other patterns of appropriability in which firms use design (being registered or not registered accordingly), lead-time or trademarks in association with other means of appropriation.

Modern democracies rely on civic participation, namely through voting. In this work, I use rational choice theory and the paradox of voting to analyse individuals' voting motivations using data of the Portuguese electorate, collected and built by me (1200 observations). As a novel contribution to the discussion, I conduct a randomized controlled trial using two treatments. One tests the importance of the act of voting while the other tests the probability of being pivotal in an election. I find individuals vote because they value the act of voting – warm glow voting. Finally, I find evidence suggesting that providing information about the importance of voting increases turnout while there is no impact of information about the probability of being pivotal.

Angola reports one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world, and anemia represents one of its important causes. Recent studies, in under-five children from the Bengo province of Angola, described high prevalence's, suggesting malaria, undernutrition and urogenital schistosomiasis as important contributors for the occurrence and spatial variations of anemia. Educational community-based interventions, either in Nutrition and Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Malaria are recommended to correct anemia. Herein, we designed a cluster-randomized controlled trial to study the efficacy of two educational-plus-therapeutic interventions in the reduction of anemia: one in nutrition and the other in WASH/Malaria. Socioeconomic, nutritional, anthropometric, parasitological and biochemical data will be collected from all willing-to-participate children, aging under four and resident in the Health Research Center of Angola study area. Considering the multifactorial causes of this condition, determining the efficacy of both interventions might help documenting weaknesses and opportunities for planning integrated strategies to reduce anemia. ; The promoters of CISA providing financial support for this study are as follows: Camões, Institute of Cooperation and Language, Portugal; Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Portugal; Government of Bengo Province; Angolan Ministry of Health. Additionally, this investigation also receives financial support from TDR, The Special Programmed for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, co-sponsored by UNICEF, UNDP, the World Bank and WHO (for molecular analyses) and from Bank Foment of Angola (for determining the serum micronutrient levels). Representing the Angolan Ministry of Health, the National Malaria Control Program and the National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program agreed to provide rapid malaria diagnostic tests, mosquito bed nets, antimalarial drugs and also drugs for intestinal parasites and schistosomiasis for this study. At the local level, the General Hospital of Bengo will provide the facilities for biochemical analysis and facilities for consultations, and will also receive and manage the pediatric emergency cases referred by the study's field nurses. Furthermore, the David Bernardino Paediatric Hospital agreed to provide the Molecular Biology Laboratory for the molecular analyses. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

BACKGROUND: The WHO identified the importance of macro-socioeconomic determinants and political context as interlinked key factors affecting healthcare quality and health equity. As a response to the recent economic and financial crisis, Portugal approved in 2011 the Economic Adjustment Programme (EAP) to obtain financial assistance from the Troika in order to reduce public debt. This study aims to analyse the impact of the economic crisis and the EAP on perinatal healthcare quality for very preterm (VPT) and/or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, as perceived by healthcare professionals and experts, within the health administrative regions of the two major metropolitan areas in Portugal. METHODS: A qualitative approach was applied to receive an in-depth understanding and accomplish perspective variability. A purposive sampling technique was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-one healthcare professionals and experts between October 2018–July 2019. Inductive thematic analysis was performed which encompassed a five-step categorization procedure. Data analysis was undertaken by utilizing Nvivo2011 software. Evolved themes were then associated with WHO's Quality Standards on Maternal and New-born Care. A framework on the impact of macro-socioeconomic determinants on perinatal health care quality was developed. RESULTS: Although participants did not perceive the quality of perinatal care had deteriorated, the analysis of their accounts on work experience revealed that it was indeed adversely modified in all WHO Quality Standards. Health care provision was perceived as detrimental in five main areas: 1) Availability of human resources; 2) Functional referral systems; 3) Competent and motivated human resources; 4) Emotional support; and 5) Essential physical resources available. Policy reforms by the EAP resulted in reduced timeliness of care, increased waiting times, cuts in sequence and duration of consultations, and deficiencies in follow-up care for VPT/VLBW infants and their mothers. The ...

To compete with major productions, low-budget Hollywood studios seek to invest in different strategies to promote their productions and engage with their target audience. Within this proposal, Cloverfield franchise producers developed in 2008 a viral marketing-based strategy. By the Collective Subject Speech, the researchers sought out to understand how this strategy was developed, how it was implemented, and whether the film's success was due to the implemented campaign. The results obtained through qualitative analysis show that the good results achieved by the film are due to the efficiency of said campaign, especially in the correct understanding of its target audience (Youtube generation) and the adoption of different types of marketing actions (widgets and ARG) which generated the necessary engagement for the film to get a good box office and serve as a starting point for the development of a franchise.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated forest restoration projects filed at the state environmental agency of Rio de Janeiro (Inea), regarding the requirements contained in the Resolution Nº 36/2011. Legal, technical, environmental and ecological parameters of 65 restoration projects in the design and implementation phases were analyzed. Only 29% of the projects met the requirements of Resolution Nº 36/2011. The low compliance with the requirements of the resolution evidences the lack of knowledge of the current regulations in the state of Rio de Janeiro by the technical users of the system. This condition implies a longer time of environmental licensing. Recently, Inea has revoked Res. Nº 36/2011 through Res. Nº 143/2017, which, in addition to simplifying the presentation of restoration projects, gave rise to the State System for Monitoring and Evaluation of Forest Restoration – SEMAR.