Suchergebnisse

Plateformes, réseaux sociaux, ressources en ligne, simulations, apprentissage à distance, données d'apprentissage, données massives, intelligence artificielle… la transition numérique bouleverse l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche publics. Elle modifie les contenus, les outils et méthodes pédagogiques, ainsi que le rôle des enseignants et des apprenants. Elle remodèle la recherche, ses pratiques, ses métiers et son écosystème. Pour anticiper les changements induits par la transition numérique à l'horizon 2040, INRAE et Agreenium ont commandité cette prospective. S'appuyant sur un groupe d'experts et sur une synthèse des tendances actuelles dans les sciences agronomiques, de l'environnement, de l'alimentation et vétérinaires, elle a abouti à la construction de quatre scénarios dont les enseignements sont pertinents bien au-delà de ces domaines scientifiques pour les chercheurs, enseignants, décideurs et prospectivistes. Ces scénarios éclairent les enjeux des évolutions de l'apprentissage, du partage des savoirs et des transformations des pratiques scientifiques. Ils ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives sur les relations entre la science et la société, et sur le rôle de la recherche publique face aux géants du numérique.

Dans le cadre de la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable (SNDD), la Direction Générale de l'Enseignement et de la Recherche (DGER) du Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche (MAP) a proposé la mise en place d'un Observatoire Agriculture et Territoires (OAT). Le Ministère de l'Environnement et du Développement Durable (MEDD) a aussi contribué à la réalisation de ce projet. Autour d'un enjeu fort du territoire et exprimé par ses acteurs, il s'agit de mieux comprendre et d'accompagner les relations entre agriculture et un territoire. Pour ce faire, la mise en place d'un observatoire est l'occasion d'une part de faire expliciter individuellement et collectivement par les acteurs leurs perceptions de l'en jeu, de leur territoire et d'en construire des représentations. Le formalisme UML a été utilisé et une importante animation a été mise en oeuvre. D'autre part les données collectées et diffusées par l'observatoire vont, en améliorant et en "objectivant" le niveau d'information, contribuer aux décisions, négociations, coordinations nécessaires à la conduite de l'action collective. Pour évaluer la faisabilité d'une telle approche, une méthode de conceptualisation, de conception et de réalisation d'observatoire a été élaborée et testée sur deux terrains: le bassin d'Aume Couture, en Charente, et la vallée de I'Hien, dans l'Isère. Un collectif a été constitué et structuré sur chaque terrain; les acteurs ainsi mobilisés ont construit un observatoire, commencé à y accumuler des données et en produire des résultats sous forme tabulaire, graphique et cartographique. L'étude de faisabilité a conclu à la pertinence de la démarche, en mettant bien en évidence l'importance de la mobilisation des acteurs et le rôle de la formalisation (avec le langage UML) pour exprimer les objectifs et points de vue de chacun. La mise en oeuvre de la méthode dans d'autres situations, sa généralisation sont envisagées. Deux projets prolongent cette action, l'un, "Conception d'Observatoires de Pratiques Territorialisées" (COPT) mené par la recherche (INRA en concertation avec le CIRAD et le Cemagref principalement) dans le cadre du programme Agriculture et Développement Durable (ADD), l'autre, "Observatoire Territorial des Pratiques Agricoles et des systèmes de production" (OTPA) conduit dans le cadre de l'ADAR et piloté par la Chambre régionale d'agriculture de Rhône Alpes.

Agriculture in the twenty-first century faces the challenge of meeting food demands while satisfying sustainability goals. The challenge is further complicated by climate change which affects the distribution of crop pests (intended as insects, plants, and pathogenic agents injurious to crops) and the severity of their outbreaks. Increasing concerns over health and the environment as well as new legislation on pesticide use, particularly in the European Union, urge us to find sustainable alternatives to pesticide-based pest management. Here, we review the effect of climate change on crop protection and propose strategies to reduce the impact of future invasive as well as rapidly evolving resident populations. The major points are the following: (1) the main consequence of climate change and globalization is a heightened level of unpredictability of spatial and temporal interactions between weather, cropping systems, and pests; (2) the unpredictable adaptation of pests to a changing environment primarily creates uncertainty and projected changes do not automatically translate into doom and gloom scenarios; (3) faced with uncertainty, policy, research, and extension should prepare for worst-case scenarios following a "no regrets" approach that promotes resilience vis-à-vis pests which, at the biophysical level, entails uncovering what currently makes cropping systems resilient, while at the organizational level, the capacity to adapt needs to be recognized and strengthened; (4) more collective approaches involving extension and other stakeholders will help meet the challenge of developing more robust cropping systems; (5) farmers can take advantage of Web 2.0 and other new technologies to make the exchange of updated information quicker and easier; (6) cooperation between historically compartmentalized experts in plant health and crop protection could help develop anticipation strategies; and (7) the current decline in skilled crop protection specialists in Europe should be reversed, and shortcomings in local human and financial resources can be overcome by pooling resources across borders.

International audience ; Agriculture in the twenty-first century faces the challenge of meeting food demands while satisfying sustainability goals. The challenge is further complicated by climate change which affects the distribution of crop pests (intended as insects, plants, and pathogenic agents injurious to crops) and the severity of their outbreaks. Increasing concerns over health and the environment as well as new legislation on pesticide use, particularly in the European Union, urge us to find sustainable alternatives to pesticide-based pest management. Here, we review the effect of climate change on crop protection and propose strategies to reduce the impact of future invasive as well as rapidly evolving resident populations. The major points are the following: (1) the main consequence of climate change and globalization is a heightened level of unpredictability of spatial and temporal interactions between weather, cropping systems, and pests; (2) the unpredictable adaptation of pests to a changing environment primarily creates uncertainty and projected changes do not automatically translate into doom and gloom scenarios; (3) faced with uncertainty, policy, research, and extension should prepare for worst-case scenarios following a "no regrets" approach that promotes resilience vis-à-vis pests which, at the biophysical level, entails uncovering what currently makes cropping systems resilient, while at the organizational level, the capacity to adapt needs to be recognized and strengthened; (4) more collective approaches involving extension and other stakeholders will help meet the challenge of developing more robust cropping systems; (5) farmers can take advantage of Web 2.0 and other new technologies to make the exchange of updated information quicker and easier; (6) cooperation between historically compartmentalized experts in plant health and crop protection could help develop anticipation strategies; and (7) the current decline in skilled crop protection specialists in Europe should be reversed, and ...

Facing a growing and more affluent world population, changing climate and finite natural resources, world food systems will have to change in the future. The aim of the Agrimonde-Terra foresight study was to build global scenarios linking land use and food security, with special attention paid to overlooked aspects such as nutrition and health, in order to help explore the possible future of the global food system. In this article, we seek to highlight how the resulting set of scenarios contributes to the debate on land use and food security and enlarges the range of possible futures for the global food system. We highlight four main contributions. Combining a scenario building method based on morphological analysis and quantitative simulations with a tractable and simple biomass balance model, the proposed approach improves transparency and coherence between scenario narratives and quantitative assessment. Agrimonde-Terra's scenarios comprise a wide range of alternative diets, with contrasting underlying nutritional and health issues, which accompany contrasting urbanization and rural transformation processes, both dimensions that are lacking in other sets of global scenarios. Agrimonde-Terra's scenarios share some similarities with existing sets of global scenarios, notably the SSPs, but are usually less optimistic regarding agricultural land expansion up to 2050. Results suggest that changing global diets toward healthier patterns could also help to limit the expansion in agricultural land area. Agrimonde-Terra's scenarios enlarge the scope of possible futures by proposing two pathways that are uncommon in other sets of global scenarios. The first proposes to explore possible reconnection of the food industry and regional production within supranational regional blocs. The second means that we should consider that a 'perfect storm', induced by climate change and an ecological crisis combined with social and economic crises, is still possible. Both scenarios should be part of the debate as the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic shows.

The use of pesticides made it possible to increase yields, simplify cropping systems, and forego more complicated crop protection strategies. Over-reliance on chemical control, however, is associated with contamination of ecosystems and undesirable health effects. The future of crop production is now also threatened by emergence of pest resistance and declining availability of active substances. There is therefore a need to design cropping systems less dependent on synthetic pesticides. Consequently, the European Union requires the application of eight principles (P) of Integrated Pest Management that fit within sustainable farm management. Here, we propose to farmers, advisors, and researchers a dynamic and flexible approach that accounts for the diversity of farming situations and the complexities of agroecosystems and that can improve the resilience of cropping systems and our capacity to adapt crop protection to local realities. For each principle (P), we suggest that (P1) the design of inherently robust cropping systems using a combination of agronomic levers is key to prevention. (P2) Local availability of monitoring, warning, and forecasting systems is a reality to contend with. (P3) The decision-making process can integrate cropping system factors to develop longer-term strategies. (P4) The combination of non-chemical methods that may be individually less efficient than pesticides can generate valuable synergies. (P5) Development of new biological agents and products and the use of existing databases offer options for the selection of products minimizing impact on health, the environment, and biological regulation of pests. (P6) Reduced pesticide use can be effectively combined with other tactics. (P7) Addressing the root causes of pesticide resistance is the best way to find sustainable crop protection solutions. And (P8) integration of multi-season effects and trade-offs in evaluation criteria will help develop sustainable solutions.

The use of pesticides made it possible to increase yields, simplify cropping systems, and forego more complicated crop protection strategies. Over-reliance on chemical control, however, is associated with contamination of ecosystems and undesirable health effects. The future of crop production is now also threatened by emergence of pest resistance and declining availability of active substances. There is therefore a need to design cropping systems less dependent on synthetic pesticides. Consequently, the European Union requires the application of eight principles (P) of Integrated Pest Management that fit within sustainable farm management. Here, we propose to farmers, advisors, and researchers a dynamic and flexible approach that accounts for the diversity of farming situations and the complexities of agroecosystems and that can improve the resilience of cropping systems and our capacity to adapt crop protection to local realities. For each principle (P), we suggest that (P1) the design of inherently robust cropping systems using a combination of agronomic levers is key to prevention. (P2) Local availability of monitoring, warning, and forecasting systems is a reality to contend with. (P3) The decision-making process can integrate cropping system factors to develop longer-term strategies. (P4) The combination of non-chemical methods that may be individually less efficient than pesticides can generate valuable synergies. (P5) Development of new biological agents and products and the use of existing databases offer options for the selection of products minimizing impact on health, the environment, and biological regulation of pests. (P6) Reduced pesticide use can be effectively combined with other tactics. (P7) Addressing the root causes of pesticide resistance is the best way to find sustainable crop protection solutions. And (P8) integration of multi-season effects and trade-offs in evaluation criteria will help develop sustainable solutions.