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The history of the field of the psychology of women in the USA has three distinct phases. The first, between 1940 and 1960, saw the struggle for recognition by women psychologists. The second, during the late 1960s and early 1970s saw women demanding to be taken seriously as psychologists as well as researchers and research subjects. This led to the establishment of the Association for Women in Psychology and the Division of the Psychology of Women. One complements the other although they both have their own roles. Their efforts have led to a rise in status and visibility of the psychology of women as a field and of women psychologists as members of their profession. The third phase, which started in the 1980s and continues now, must deal with the old issues as well as new issues of maintaining commitment and enthusiasm.

U.S. society continues to accept myths regarding the supposed weakness of women's bodies. Women's displays of physical power are often prevented or undermined, typically in ways centering on the concept of femininity. Increasing numbers of female athletes have not led to a true physical feminist liberation, one which would increase women's confidence, power, respect, wealth, enjoyment of physicality, and escape from rape and the fear of rape. Despite these possible benefits, most feminists have not encouraged the development of physical power in women. Although caution regarding physical power is warranted, the benefits of a physical, libratory feminism outweigh the risks.

Two male and two female experimenters asked 178 adult shoppers to fill out a questionnaire. Refusal data showed a cross-sex effect, with individuals helping other-sex experimenters more than same-sex experimenters. The effects of helper sex, helper sex-typing, helpee sex, and situation
sex-typing were examined by means of questionnaires administered to the final sample of 120 adults. A non-sex-typed helping behavior was used. Results showed a significant three-way interaction among helper sex, helpee sex, and situation sex-type. Helper sex-typing did not have any significant
effects. Results are discussed in terms of the different social norms governing female and male prosocial behaviors.