Suchergebnisse

Was der (europäische) Mensch isst, wird heutzutage nicht zuletzt durch Wissenschaft, Technologie und Markt reguliert. Im Zuge einer »Verwissenschaftlichung« des Alltags sind Nahrung und Ernährung vielfältigen Standardisierungen unterworfen. Dieser Band untersucht anhand empirischer Studien biowissenschaftliche Ernährungsforschung, Präventivmedizin, europäische Harmonisierung und globalisierte Märkte. Ethnografische Zugänge, die Ansätze der Nahrungsanthropologie und Wissenschaftsforschung mit Studien zur materiellen Kultur verbinden, werfen ein neues Licht auf die institutionellen und individuellen Aushandlungs- und Aneignungsprozesse der europäischen Standards zu Ernährung.

Digital models have become key sites of biological practice and science policy. This paper examines efforts to craft a digital salmon model for metabolic research. It traces the data configurations of feed, food, and health in Norway's bioeconomy aspirations—from cell culture studies in the lab to an integrated digital repository and public health nutrition trials in schools. A response to policy calls for more sustainable aquaculture, digital models become lynchpins for intensified data sourcing. I describe how datafication and digital model integration enact a particular mode of management, focused on profitability and human preferences, when optimizing fish feed to sustainability goals. Integrating molecular biology and mathematical functions, digital modeling promotes the idea of a prediction machine for preemptive optimization of feed and food across settings. Yet, unforeseen disruptions to aquaculture, for instance, by algae and lice, expose the complexity of marine food webs and the limitations of digital models. Even while in the making, the digital fish model becomes performative and shapes knowledge practices much beyond the lab. As knowledge infrastructures, models participate in the remaking of metabolic relations, recalibrating decision-making, while feeding back into and co-shaping the very entities and environments they were crafted to investigate.

This chapter examines post-Soviet efforts to address the legacies of nuclear testing near Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, by tracing different modes of memorializing nuclear fallout. Similar to the construction of new monuments, memory work also takes place through scientific data labor aimed at the documentation of the impact of nuclear testing. In the early post-Soviet years of radical economic transition, nation building policies, and pressing environmental issues, a variety of scientific projects engaging in documenting health effects of fallout took shape. The analysis focuses on selected trajectories of Soviet nuclear legacies, especially concerning long-term, transgenerational effects of fallout exposure. It investigates scientific memory practices used to document radiation effects and shows how the post-Soviet nuclear condition is drawn upon for the building of the new state of Kazakhstan. Nation building becomes a multi-scale endeavor that, in a biopolitical sense, reaches from state governance to the politics of knowledge infrastructures and embodiment.

Epidemiological data work is a key site to study the configurations of health knowledges and politics. In this article, I ask how new 'big data' approaches and datafication in society are about to reshape orderings related to technologies, health, and the body, as well as epidemiological research itself. Diffracting practices with data contributes to our understanding of how data, numbers, and bodies fold into each other in the era of digitalization. Focusing on indexing, coding and scoring I analyse the reconfigurations of epidemiological data infrastructures with the increasing 'datafication' of social interactions. I examine a shift in practice from what I call 'controlled epidemiological calculus' to accelerated practices of routinized 'epidemic indexing'. This shift has given rise to a novel mode of automated and largely invisible effects, which I analyse in terms of a digital 'techno-digestion'. This techno-digestion impacts on how bodies are known and done, on the formation of health policies, and on the constitution of corporealities.

Some transition metals and metalloids occur primarily as oxyanions in natural waters including antimony, arsenic, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium. These oxyanions can pass through cell walls along the same pathways as phosphate or sulfate. Some of these oxyanions are essential for life, but in high concentrations they become all toxic. Recent studies showed that tungsten probably is posing a risk to human health. The growing use of tungsten in industrial and military applications probably leads to an increased release of tungsten to the environment. It has also been shown that the use of studded winter tires in Sweden significantly increases tungsten concentrations in road runoff. Still, little is known about the geochemical cycling of tungsten in the environment as it has been considered to be a more or less inert element. Only a few studies deal with tungsten in natural waters. For example, for the Baltic Sea no concentration data have been published before this work and data on the suspended particulate fraction of tungsten in terrestrial and marine waters are scarce. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the distribution and behavior of tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium in natural waters under changing redox conditions, varying pH and different seasons. Particular attention is paid to the suspended particulate fraction of these elements, which is often neglected even though it can be of great importance. Tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium primarily occur as oxyanions in solution and can be adsorbed to particles, which determines their mobility. Molybdenum usually is very mobile, while vanadium has a tendency to adsorb to iron oxyhydroxides or to form organic complexes. Tungsten has many similarities with molybdenum, but it seems to be less mobile than molybdenum in natural waters. Tungsten and molybdenum have a similar abundance in the upper continental crust, but in the ocean molybdenum is almost 2000 times more abundant. A strong fractionation of these two elements occurs from land to the ocean, indicating a removal of W during mixing of river and seawater. This study comprises data from small streams in the boreal landscape of northern Sweden, major rivers (Kalix River and Råne River) and their estuaries discharging into the Baltic Sea. In the marine environment, sediment cores from the Bothnian Bay and water profiles at the stratified Landsort Deep have been studied. Apart from the spatial distribution, the temporal behavior of tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium in was investigated. In the boreal environment snowmelt is playing a major role for their transport. All water samples were filtered through 0.22 pore size filters to define dissolved and suspended particulate fractions. The particulate fraction of all studied elements increases from streams to rivers. Especially during spring flood, particle transport becomes even more important. About 80% tungsten, 70% vanadium and 30% molybdenum occur in the particulate fraction during this event. During estuarine mixing, tungsten and molybdenum are released from the particles again. However, vanadium seems to be removed in both fractions, probably due to a different adsorption behavior. In the dissolved fraction molybdenum increased and vanadium decreased from land to the sea, while tungsten showed small variation in all surface waters. All three elements are affected by manganese redox cycling at the transition zone between oxic and sulfidic water at the Landsort Deep in the Baltic Sea. Adsorption of these oxyanions to the freshly formed manganese oxides plays an important role for their transport to the sulfidic zone. In contrast to molybdenum, dissolved tungsten is accumulated in the sulfidic environment. There is no effective removal mechanisms like for molybdenum, which is adsorbed to sulfides. Also in the sediment, redox cycling of manganese and iron affects the distribution of tungsten and molybdenum close to the water-sediment interface.

This article explores human genetic diversity research east of what was the iron curtain. It follows the technique of "genogeographic mapping" back to its early Soviet origins and up to the post-Soviet era. Bringing together the history of genogeographic mapping and genealogies of "nationality" and "race" in the USSR, I discuss how populations and belonging were enacted in late Soviet biological anthropology and human genetics. While genogeography had originally been developed within the early Soviet livestock economy, anthropologists, public health scientists, and medical geneticists reanimated the technique in the late 1960s after the end of the Lysenko era and its ban on classical genetics. In the 1970s, population geneticists pursued a project to compile all genetic data on the USSR population, resulting in a "genogeographic atlas," consisting of series of tables as well as maps projecting genetic markers onto geographic grids. Following the post-Soviet trajectories of these maps, I examine the ways in which human genetic diversity studies realign with renegotiations of difference in today's Russian Federation. The exploration of the Soviet case of human genetic diversity research contributes to our understanding of the varied ways in which racializing discourses were entangled in the project of modernization.

Ein Denkmal in Gursuf, einem Schwarzmeerküstenort auf der Krim – man könnte es betiteln mit »Lenin spannt aus«. Statt der gewohnten Lenin-Statuen aus sowjetischer Zeit, die aufrecht stehend mit großer Geste den Weg in eine »strahlende Zukunft« (so auch ein weiterer Romantitel Sinowjews) weisen, finden wir in Gursuf einen ebenso überlebensgroßen, erhabenen Lenin vor; er sitzt mit übereinander geschlagenen Beinen, fast in Urlaubshaltung auf einer Bank vor einer prunkvollen Villa, die in der UdSSR dem Sanatorium des Verteidigungsministeriums zugeordnet war. Bereits in der frühen Sowjetunion – in den 1920er-Jahren – hatte Lenin dekretiert, die Kurorte der Krim seien für die Arbeiter und Bauern zu nutzen sowie die Villen und Besitztümer der Adligen in entsprechende Sanatorien umzuwandeln. Die gesamte Schwarzmeerküste der Sowjetunion wurde als Kurregion entwickelt. So ließ Stalin einst Sotschi – 2014 die Stadt Putins subtropischer Winterolympiade – als Modell-Kurstadt und Prestigeprojekt ausbauen. Die Krim, deren Badeorte bereits auf das 19. Jahrhundert zurückgingen, und vor allem die Gegend um Jalta – auch russische Riviera genannt – wurde zur wichtigsten Erholungs- und Sanatorienregion der UdSSR.

Der Artikel beschreibt und analysiert die Erfahrungen in musiktherapeutischer Arbeit einer deutschen Musiktherapeutin in Santiago de Chile, seit 1991 bis heute. Der Artikel soll die Anpassung musiktherapeutischer Denk- und Vorgehensweisen an eine fremde Kultur und einen unbekannten Kontext erläutern. Dabei wird auf die Einrichtung und Durchführung eines zweijährigen Aufbaustudiengangs Musiktherapie an der Facultad de Artes der Universidad de Chile und dessen Bedeutung für die Weiterentwicklung der Musiktherapie in Chile in den vergangenen sechs Jahren eingegangen. Zum anderen wird darüber nachgedacht, wie sehr kulturspezifische musikalische Gewohnheiten von MusiktherapeutIn, PatientIn oder StudentIn eine Rolle im musiktherapeutischen Alltag spielen, sowohl in der Lehre als auch in der Praxis: Was muss eine aus der Fremde kommende Musiktherapeutin, deren Schwerpunkt die instrumentale Improvisation ist, ins eigene Denken und Arbeiten integrieren, wenn sie vorfindet, dass a) der Schwerpunkt des musikalischen Ausdrucks der mit Gitarre begleitete Gesang ist, b) traditionelle Lieder von Generation zu Generation weitergegeben werden und c) sozialkritische und politische Lieder im kollektiven Unterbewusstsein vorherrschen? Und: Wie kann sie ihr musiktherapeutisches Denken und Handeln anderen vermitteln, damit diese es ins Eigene integrieren können? ; This article describes and analyses the experiences of a German music therapist, working in Santiago, Chile, from 1991 to the present. The purpose of the article is to illustrate the process of adapting music therapy related thoughts and actions, when confronted with a foreign culture and unfamiliar situations. The article describes the organisation and realisation of a postgraduate music therapy program in the Department of Music at the University of Chile and its impact on the further development of music therapy in Chile, during the past six years. Consideration is given, regarding the degree to which specific cultural music customs of music therapists, patients and ...